The Cytotoxins 163 



it is well to be provided with a supply of the serum, but it 

 has no wide sphere of usefulness. 



4. Miscellaneous anti-bodies of many kinds have been 

 experimentally produced, anti-enzymes, etc., but have 

 no practical application. A knowledge of them is, however, 

 essential to a thorough understanding of the reactions of 

 immunity. *In the synopsis of the experiments upon im- 

 munity reference is made to these bodies and to the litera- 

 ture bearing upon them. 



IV. Cytotoxins. The reaction takes place through the 

 combination of the "amboceptor, " " immune body , " "sub- 

 stance sensibilisatrice," "fixateur," or "desmon" with the 

 "addiment," "complement," "alexin," or "cytase, " 



Hemolysins. The phenomena of hemolysis caused by 

 heterologous serums were first studied by Creite* and Lan- 

 dois,f who studied hemoglobinuria following transfusion. 

 Subsequent observations were made upon corpuscular 

 agglutination and solution by venoms by Mitchell and 

 StewartJ and by Flexner and Noguchi, and upon the effects 

 upon corpuscles of warm-blooded animals, of the poisonous 

 serum of certain eels by Mosso||, Camus and Gley,** and 

 Kossel. ft The serious consideration of the subject was, 

 however, deferred until Belfanti and Carbo ne JJ showed that 

 if horses were injected with red corpuscles of rabbits, the 

 serum thereafter obtained from the horses would be toxic 

 for rabbits; Bordet had shown that the serum of guinea- 

 pigs injected several times with 3 to 5 c.c. of the defibrinated 

 blood of rabbits acquired the property of rapidly dissolving 

 the red corpuscles of the rabbit in a test-tube, and Ehrlich and 

 MorgenrothHII had shown the mechanism of the hemolytic 

 action. From this time on the literature of hemolysis rapidly 

 grew and the subject assumed a more and more important 

 place in the domain of chemico-physiological research. 



* "Zeitschrift f. ration. Med.," Bd. xxxvi, 1869 quoted by Nuttall 

 in his "Blood Immunity and Relationships." 



t "Zur Lehre von der Bluttransfusion," Leipzig, 1875. 



t "Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia," 1897, 

 p. 105. 



"Journal of Exp. Med.," 1901-1905, vi, p. 277. 



|| "Archiv. f. Exp. Path, and Pharmak.," xxv, pp. in and 135. 

 ** "Compt. rendu de la Soc. de Biol. de Paris," 1898, p. 129. 

 ft "Berliner klin. Wochenschrift," 1898. 

 it "Jour, de la R. Acad. d. Med. de Torino," 1898, No. 8. 

 "Ann. de 1'Inst. Pasteur," 1898, xn, 688. 

 HIl " Berliner klin. Wochenschrift," 1899. 



