Specific Organism 557 



and Dutton died in England January i, 1903. In 1903 

 Button and Todd* examined 1000 persons in Gambia and 

 found similar trypanosomes in the bloods of 6 natives and 

 i quadroon. In the same year Mansonf discovered 2 cases 

 of trypanosomiasis in Europeans that had become infected 

 upon the Congo. Brumptj also observed T. gambiense at 

 Bounba at the junction of the Ruby and the Congo, and 

 Baker observed 3 cases at Entebbe in Uganda. 



During all this time no connection was suspected between 

 these micro-organisms and African lethargy, and much inter- 

 est was being taken in a coccus the hypnococcus that 

 was being studied by Castellani in Uganda. As Castellani 

 was prosecuting the investigation of this organism, he chanced 

 to examine the cerebrospinal fluid of several negroes in 

 Uganda who were suffering from sleeping-sickness, and in it 

 found trypanosomes. Even then, though Castellani || real- 

 ized that these organisms were connected with sleeping-sick- 

 ness, he did not identify them in his mind with the Trypano- 

 soma gambiense discovered in the blood by Forde and Dut- 

 ton, and described the newly discovered organism as Try- 

 panosoma ugandense. Kruse,** thinking to honor the dis- 

 coverer, called it Trypanosoma castellani. Bruce and 

 Nabarroft found the new trypanosome in each of 38 cases of 

 sleeping sickness in the cerebrospinal fluid, and 12 out of 13 

 times in the blood. These observers also found that 23 out 

 of 28 natives from parts of Uganda where sleeping sickness 

 is endemic had trypanosomes in their blood, while in 117 

 natives from uninfected areas the blood examination was neg- 

 ative in every case. They also declared that, contrary to 

 what had been stated, there were no appreciable morphologic 

 differences between Trypanosoma gambiense and Trypano- 

 soma ugandense. Dutton, Todd, and Christy tJ arrived at 

 the same conclusion. The matter was finally settled by 



* "First Report of the Trypanosomiasis Expedition to Senegambia," 

 1902, Liverpool, 1903. 



t"Jour. Trop. Med.," Nov. i, 1902, and March 16, 1903; "Brit. 

 Med. Jour.," May 30, 1903. 



I "Acad. de Med.," March 17, 1903. 



"Brit. Med. Jour.," May 30, 1903. 



|| Ibid., May 23, 1903; June 20, 1903. 



**"Gesell. f. natur. Heilkunde," 1903. 



ft "Brit. Med. Jour.," Nov. 21, 1903. 



Jt Ibid., Jan. 23, 1904, also " Thompson- Yates and Johnson Lab. 

 Reports," v, 6, part i, 1905, pp. 1-45. 



