QUESTIONS 137 



QUESTIONS OF CHAPTER VII 



What two different meanings are included in the term respiration? 



What purpose do the lungs of man serve? 



What is the total area of the alveoli of the lung? 



What is the condition of the lungs before birth? 



What are inspiration and expiration? 



Why do the lungs follow the walls of the thorax? 



In what directions is the thorax enlarged in inspiration? 



Why does the air enter the lungs in inspiration? 



Tell in detail by what mechanism the thorax is enlarged in inspiration. 



What are the chief muscles of inspiration? 



Give the action of each. 



How is expiration brought about? 



Give the action of the muscles of forced expiration. 



What are associated respiratory movements? 



Describe the character and significance of respiratory sounds. 



What is the force of the respiratory muscles equal to? 



What is the value of nasal breathing? 



Describe a respiratory tracing. 



Describe the Cheyne-Stokes respiration. 



What are the relative lengths of inspiration and expiration? 



What is the rate of breathing, and how is it varied? 



Define and give values of tidal air; complemental and supplemental 

 air; residual air and vital capacity. 



What is the stationary air equal to? 



What is the lung capacity? 



What volume of air passes through the lungs of man in a day? 



What is the respiratory quotient? Explain why it varies. 



How is the air altered in the lungs? 



How does the quantity of water vapor given off by the lungs vary? 



How is the carbon dioxide held in the blood? 



What is the evidence that CO2 is held in chemical combination? 



Compare the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the external air, alveoli, 

 blood, and tissues. 



What is the effect of breathing pure oxygen? 



Give the effects of breathing other gases. 



Define the terms eupnea, apnea, hyperpnea, polypnea, dyspnea, and 

 asphyxia. 



Discuss apnea and its causes. 



How is hyperpnea produced? 



What is dyspnea due to? 



Discuss asphyxia in -detail. 

 * What is death by drowning due to? 



Give the time relations of the respiratory movements to the respiratory 

 blood-pressure changes. 



Explain in detail how respiratory movements produce changes in blood 

 pressure. 



What are the changes in the heart rate during respiration? 



Discuss the respiratory centre in the medulla. 



What can be said of other respiratory centres? 



What is the proof that the bulbar respiratory centre is automatically 

 rhythmic? 



Discuss the expiratory centre. 



Discuss the innervation of the bronchial muscles. 



What happens to the blood in its passage through the lungs? 



