448 UIUNE. 



with the urine, the following are the final results obtained from 

 several series of experiments : Becquerel found (from experiments 

 on four men and four women) that 39*52 grammes of solid matter 

 are, on an average, secreted daily by the kidneys of men, and 

 34'31 grammes by those of women. While living on a mixed 

 diet, I discharged, on an average, 67 '82 grammes in twenty-four 

 hours; on an exclusively animal diet, 87*44 grammes; on a vege- 

 table diet, 59*235 grammes; and on non-nitrogenous food, 41*68 

 grammes. Lecanu found that men secreted far more solid matters 

 by the kidneys than women, old men far less than women, children 

 eight years old more than old men but less than women, and lastly, 

 children four years old even less than old men. 



We have already spoken, in the first volume, of the proportions 

 in which the most important of the solid constituents of the urine 

 stand to one another, as well as of the quantities which are daily 

 secreted. (See vol. i., p. 162, for urea; p. 211, for uric acid; and 

 p. 195, for hippuric acid. 



According to Becquerel, the daily amount of extractive matters 

 (that is to say, of the organic matters exclusively of the urea and 

 uric acid) averages 11*738 grammes in men, and 9*655 grammes in 

 women; while living on a mixed diet, the quantity of these matters 

 which I daily secreted, amounted to about 13 grammes. 



The quantity of the fixed salts varies extraordinarily in different 

 persons, living different modes of life. The following are the daily 

 quantities of fixed salts which were discharged in the specimens of 

 urine analysed by Lecanu : 



The average. Fluctuations between 



In men .... 16*88 grammes 9'96,and 24*50 grammes. 



In women .... 14'38 .... 10-28 19-03 



In children .... 10-05 .... 9-91 10'92 



In aged persons .... 8'05 .... 4'84 9 78 



According to Becquerel, the mean quantity of fixed salts daily se- 

 creted by the kidneys in men is 9*75 1 grammes, and in women 8*426 

 grammes; while Chambert, from analyses of the urine of twenty- 

 four young men, fixed it at 14*854 grammes, its limits being 23*636 

 and 6*993 grammes. In my own urine, I found that while living 

 on a mixed diet, the average quantity was 15*245 grammes, the 

 extremes being 17 '284 and 9 '65 2 grammes. 



Lecanu found that the quantities of phosphate of lime which are 

 daily given off by the kidneys varied between 0*029 of a gramme 

 and 1*960 grammes. I have never observed such great fluctuations 



