OF ANIMALS. 455 



and magnesia, which separate from the fluid on boiling ; it often, 

 however, has a faintly acid reaction, and then we have true urina 

 jumentosa, from the deposition of earthy carbonates. Bibra often 

 found great and altogether unaccountable differences in the 

 urine of horses fed in precisely the same manner. The potash 

 in this urine naturally preponderates considerably over the 

 soda. In the sediment of horses' urine I have always found the 

 most beautiful crystals of oxalate of lime in very considerable 

 quantities. Bibra, however, in examining the sediment of a horse's 

 urine, found also a special organic substance, which he could not 

 accurately examine, in addition to the carbonates of lime and 

 magnesia. Attempts have been made to explain the occasional 

 presence of benzoic acid, which is assumed sometimes to take 

 the place of hippuric acid in horses' urine under certain. physio- 

 logical, or pathological, conditions ; it is, however, I believe, now 

 established beyond all doubt that the view originally supported by 

 Liebig, regarding the frequent occurrence of benzoic acid in the 

 urine of horses, is correct (see vol. i., p. 83). In the urine of dis- 

 eased horses I have likewise always found hippuric acid, if it 

 was examined while still fresh. No traces of the salts of ammonia 

 can be detected in horses' urine. Sometimes in examining horses' 

 urine we find that in place of hippuric acid there is a nitrogenous, 

 uncrystallizable, resinous matter which has not yet been accurately 

 examined. (C. Schmidt.) 



In the urine of a diseased horse I found so large a quantity of 

 lactate of potash, that the lactic acid could be combined with lime, 

 magnesia, and oxide of zinc, and could be recognised with certainty 

 by its salts. 



It stands to reason that the characters of the urine must vary 

 extremely during the diseases of animals. I extract, by way of 

 illustration, the following examples from my note-books. A very 

 lean, badly conditioned Wallachian horse, fourteen years old, had 

 suffered for a week from pneumonia of the right side ; the^urine 

 was of a very pale yellow colour and scarcely at all turbid ; it was 

 viscid and somewhat ropy, was strongly alkaline, but did not effer- 

 vesce on the addition of acids it remained yellow on evaporation, 

 contained only very little hippuric acid, &c. Another Wallachian 

 horse, thirteen years old, was suffering from acute glanders ; it wa 

 fed, as was the horse in the previous case, upon bran, hay, and 

 the urine was of a well-marked reddish brown colour, was faintly 

 alkaline, and contained a very considerable sediment of the carbo- 

 nates of lime and magnesia; the fluid, after the removal of the 



