GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CEREBRUM. 181 



the other parts of the brain had been destroyed, was, of course, 

 functionless. In addition, a large part of the corpora striata and 

 optic thalami and a small portion of the midbrain had been re- 

 moved. The behavior of this animal was studied carefully. After 

 the immediate effects of the operation paralysis, etc. had disap- 

 peared the animal moved easily ; in fact, showed a tendency to keep 

 moving continually. There was no permanent paralysis of the so- 

 called voluntary movements. He answered to sensory stimuli of 

 various kinds, but not in an intelligent way. If, for instance, a 

 painful stimulus was applied to the skin, he would growl or bark, 

 and turn his head toward the place stimulated ; but did not attempt 

 to bite. No caressing could arouse signs of pleasure, and no 

 threatening signs of fear or anger. Like the pigeon, the most con- 

 spicuous defect in the animal was a lack of intelligent response, 

 that is, the responses to sensory stimuli were simple, and evidently 

 did not involve complex associations with past experiences. His 

 memory records, for the most part, had been destroyed. Goltz 

 records that when starved he showed signs of hunger, and that 

 eventually he learned to feed himself when his nose was brought 

 into contact with the food, although he was not able to recognize 

 food placed near him. He would reject food with a disagreeable 

 taste. When sleeping he gave no signs of dreaming, differing in 

 this respect from normal dogs. 



Localization of Functions in the Cerebrum. When the 

 belief was established that the cerebrum is the organ of the higher 

 psychical activities there arose naturally the question whether dif- 

 ferent parts of the cortex have different functions corresponding 

 to the various faculties of the mind, or whether the cerebrum is 

 functionally equivalent throughout, in the same sense, for instance, 

 as the liver. This question of the localization of functions in the 

 brain (cerebrum) has been much debated, but the most interesting 

 and important discussions upon the subject belong to the nine- 

 teenth century. About the beginning of the century Franz Joseph 

 Gall, at that time a physician in Vienna, began to teach publicly his 

 well-known system of cranioscopy or, as it was later designated by 

 his chief disciple (Spurzheim), system of phrenology.* Gall, from his 

 early youth, was possessed with the idea that the different faculties 

 of the mind are mediated through different parts of the brain, that 

 in it we have to deal not with a single, but with a plurality of 

 organs. This belief was in opposition to the current ideas of his 

 times and Gall devoted his entire life to an earnest effort to estab- 

 lish and popularize his views. He and his disciples contributed 

 many very important facts to our knowledge of the finer anatomy 

 of the brain; but, so far as the view of separate organs in the 



* Gall (and Spurzheim), " Recherches sur la systeme nerveux en general 

 et sur celui du cerveau en particulier," 1810-19. 



