EAR AS AN ORGAN FOR SOUND SENSATIONS. 365 



each radiating fiber forms an arch. On the inner side of the mem- 

 brane the chain of ear ossicles is attached, so that the vibrations 

 of the membrane are transmitted directly to these bones. The 

 peculiar form of the membrane, its funnel shape, its arched sides, 

 and its unsymmetrical division by the umbo are supposed to con- 

 tribute to its value as a transmitter of the sound vibrations of the 

 air. In the first place, the membrane shows little tendency to 

 after-vibrations, that is, wh'en set in motion by an air wave it 

 shows little or no tendency to continue vibrating after the acting 



Fig. 162. Tympanum of right side with ossicles in place, viewed from within (after 

 Morris): 1, Body of incus; 2, suspensory ligament of malleus; 3, ligament of incus; 4, 

 head of malleus; 5, epitym panic cavity; 6, chorda tympani nerve; 7, tendon of tensor 

 tympani muscle; 8, foot-piece of stirrup; 9, os orbiculare; 10, manubrium; 11, tensor 

 tympani muscle; 12, membrana tympani; 13, Eustachian tube. 



force has ceased. It is obvious that such a property is valuable in 

 rendering hearing more distinct, and the peculiarity of the mem- 

 brane in this respect is attributed partly to its special form and 

 partly to the damping action of the bones attached to it. In the 

 second place, the arched sides of the funnel act as a lever, so that 

 the movements at these parts are transmitted to the umbo with a 

 diminution in amplitude, but an intensification in force. It is at 

 the umbo that the movement is communicated to the ear bones. 



The Ear Bones. The three ear bones the malleus, the incus, 

 and the stapes taken together form a chain connecting the tym- 



