CONTENTS. IX 



Grimm, 147 ; Extension to historical studies, 148 ; Broader view of 

 history since Niebuhr, 150; Leopold von Ranke, 151; Ernst Curtius, 

 152 ; Theod. Mommsen, 156 ; Political temper in Mommsen, 158 ; 

 Liberation of historical criticism from religious influence, 159 ; First 

 application of criticism to religion by Fichte and Kant, 161 ; Schleier- 

 macher's Religious Discourses, 162 ; Criticism of religious origins, 163 ; 

 Eichhorn as successor of Astruc, 164 ; Influence of Hegel, 166; David 

 F. Strauss, 166 ; F. C. Baur, 170 ; Philosophical criticism : Feuerbach, 

 174 ; Humanistic interpretation of Hegel, 174 ; Another interpretation, 

 174 ; Materialistic controversy, 176 ; Renunciation of premature solu- 

 tions : Lotze, 178 ; Return from metaphysics to psychology : Herbart, 

 179 ; Fechner's psycho-physics, 179 ; Neo-Kantism : F. A. Lange, 179 ; 

 Influence of Darwin and Riemann, 180 ; Unsettlement due to criticism, 

 182 ; Philosophical thought outside Germany, 183 ; French and Eng- 

 lish philosophy little known in Germany, 183 ; French and English 

 philosophy uncritical in the German sense, 184 ; The philosophy of 

 Renouvier, 185 ; Recent critical tendency in England, 186 ; Cousin's 

 Eclecticism and philosophy of Common-sense, 186 ; Philosophy becoming 

 international, 187 ; Criticism the common meeting-ground, 188. 



CHAPTER III. 



OP THE SOUL. 



Philosophical and scientific thought again contrasted, 192 ; Aim at unifica- 

 tion, 193 ; General conceptions ancient and modern, 194 ; Words mark- 

 ing leading philosophical problems, 195 ; The problem of the Soul or 

 Psychology, 196; The ' Seelenfrage,' 197; Problems centering in this, 

 200 ; Empirical and rational psychology, 200 ; At the beginning of the 

 century rational psychology mainly studied in Germany, 202 ; Empirical 

 psychology chiefly British, 202 ; French physiological psychology, 203 ; 

 Herbart, 204 ; Conceptions introduced by Herbart, 207 ; Exact method, 

 208 ; Beneke, 208 ; British introspective psychology, 209 ; Attempt to 

 base psychology on elementary scientific principles, 211 ; Errors of this 

 procedure, 212 ; Association psychology, 215 ; James Mill's mental 

 chemistry, 218 ; Alex. Bain, 218 ; Want of system in British philosophy, 

 219 ; University teaching in Scotland, 221 ; Philosophy of common- 

 sense, 224 ; British ideas carried over to France, 227 ; Reaction and 

 development, 230 ; De Tracy and the idea of activity, 231 ; Maine de 

 Biran, 232 ; Royer Collard and Cousin, 235 ; Influence of Kant and of 

 German idealism, 236 ; Kant and psychology, 237 ; Epistemological 

 development in Germany, 243 ; Kant's psychological programme, 248 ; 



