INTRODUCTORY. 69 



occupy us in the sequel. The second tendency is 

 perhaps more prominent, and in the eyes of many 

 thinking persons more promising. Allured by the enor- 

 mous progress and the stupendous triumphs of the 

 Natural Sciences, thinkers of the last generation have 

 attempted to remodel the whole of philosophy according 

 to the methods of science. The word science in France 55. 



i -ra i ) i ... . . "Scientific 



and Jingland has acquired a larger meaning than it used Phiio- 

 to have in the earlier part of the century. We now 

 hear much of the scientific treatment of philosophical x 

 problems. Definite well marked-off provinces have been 

 separated from the whole realm of philosophy and placed, 

 as it were, under special management; thus in psycho- 

 logy, logic, and ethics, more or less successful attempts 

 have been made to establish independent and self-con- 

 sistent doctrines upon the basis of a small number of 

 self-evident principles which, just as in the various 

 Natural Sciences, enable a large amount of empirical 

 material to be described, arranged, and methodically ex- 

 pounded. Even in Germany, where philosophy has always 

 ranked as a Science in that larger sense of methodical 

 Thought which is conveyed by the term " Wissenschaf t," 

 the last twenty-five years have witnessed the growth of 

 an " exact " or " scientific " philosophy, 1 an attempt, the 



1 In 1861 the first number of the served, through his influence in the 



' Zeitschrift fur exacte Philosophic ' sphere of education, in the 'Zeit- 



(edited by Allihn, Ziller, and Fliigel, schrift fur Philosophie und Pada- 

 pupils of Herbart) appeared, and : gogik ' (since 1894). In 1877 



was continued till 1875, and with Avenarius started the ' Vierteljahrs - 



certain changes up to 1896. Its schrift fur Wissenschaf tliche Philo- 



programme was to explain clearly sophie ' with the professed object 



the proper tasks of philosophy of founding Philosophy as a science 



and of the separate philosophical upon experience alone without 



sciences, &c. Latterly the memory specifically or narrowly denning 



of Herbart has been mainly pre- this term. 



