220 PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



philosophy was set up between the knowledge of natural 

 and spiritual things, amounted to a merely temporary 

 division of mental labour, signifying a truce rather than 

 a final reconciliation. This truce lasted for more than 

 two centuries, when, in the end, it became evident that 

 the growth of natural knowledge gained by the appli- 

 cation of the inductive methods would entrench upon 

 those regions which had been reserved to theology and 

 to the formation and development of a practical creed. 

 What the Germans call " zu Ende denken," the thinking 

 out or pursuing of a course of thought into its remote 

 conclusions, is a thing rarely practised in this country as 

 it is abroad. As soon as any argument, however logical 

 it may appear, comes into conflict with common-sense, or 

 with strongly held beliefs, it loses its hold of the British 

 mind in the same way as any theory in science would 

 do as soon as it came into conflict with facts. The 

 consequence is that many original lines of thought 

 which were started in this country have, when adopted 

 abroad, acquired quite a different complexion from what 

 they presented in their native country. Examples of 

 this are the appearance of Newtonianisrn in France and 

 Darwinism in Germany. In philosophy the teachings 

 of Locke led to sensationalism and materialism under 

 the hands of French thinkers, such as Helvetius and Con- 

 dillac. In the controversy between Leibniz and Locke's 

 younger contemporary, Clarke, it was quite evident that 

 the former realised more clearly the ultimate outcome of 

 Locke's reasoning and the necessity of dealing with it. 

 In this country these ultimate conclusions were probably 

 first realised by Berkeley and Hume. The former replied 



