258 PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



style from that of his published works ; Fichte, in the 

 course of his academic and political activity, modified 

 very considerably the manner in which he approached 

 what always remained his characteristic point of view ; 

 but the actual return from a purely rational to an 



41. empirical psychology was led by two educationalists 

 empirical Herbart and Beneke. As stated in the beginning of 



psychology. 



this chapter, it was through them that psychology proper 

 became a recognised branch of philosophical teaching. 



42. To these two names we may add that of J. F. Fries 



J. F. Fries. 



(1773-1843), who brought philosophy, as it were, back 

 again from the transcendental to the empirical level. 1 



In addition to this there were two distinct influences 

 at work which co - operated with the movement just 

 referred to in concentrating the attention of many think- 

 ing minds upon definite psychological questions, such as 

 the nature and destiny of the human soul. The first 

 of these influences came from the side of the natural 

 sciences, which, mainly under the leadership of Johannes 



1 The importance of Fries' phil- osophie' (1822), in the following 



osophy lay mainly in two very words addressed to a student : 



different directions. First, in his " Young man, if you manage after 



philosophy of religion, in which he three years of arduous study to 



assimilates ideas independently ex- understand and appreciate this 



pressed by Jacobi and deals as book, you may leave the university 



Schleiermacher did more funda- ; with a conviction that you have 



mentally with religion as a psy- i employed your time better than 



V" chological phenomenon. Secondly, I most of your fellow-students " (see 



in his philosophy of nature, which, 

 in opposition to that of Schelling, 

 approached more to the position 

 occupied in this country by natural 

 philosophy. In this respect he was 



Henke, ' Jacob Friedrich Fries,' 

 1867, p. 226). To both of these 

 directions of Fries' speculation I 

 shall refer in later chapters. Fries 

 was also one of the first who led 



probably the only contemporary [ psychological research in the direc- 

 German philosopher who was tion of anthropology. His ' Hand- 

 noticed and appreciated by Gauss, i buch der psychischen Authropo- 

 The celebrated naturalist, Schlei- logic' appeared in two volumes 

 den, tells us how Gauss referred to | in 1820. 

 Fries' ' Mathematische Naturphil- I 



