OF THE SOUL. 277 



it recognises, criticises, and appreciates the funda- 

 mental notions forming the starting ground in the 

 sciences of dynamics, physics, chemistry, biology, &c. 

 The second interest which philosophy takes in the 

 researches of psychology, as they are now very generally 

 carried on, is to answer the questions which, in this 

 chapter, we have specifically defined as the Psychological 

 Problem, the nature and essence of that special some- 

 thing which we term the Mind or Soul. In one of the 

 following chapters we shall, in a similar way, deal with 

 the Problem of Nature, i.e., with attempts which have 

 been put forward all through the century to answer 

 questions as to Nature as a whole, its relation to Mind, 

 which it, from one point of view, includes as much as 

 from another point of view it is differentiated from it. 



Now, so far as the first philosophical interest is con- 56. 



James Ward. 



cerned, no one has done more to pass in review and 

 criticise existing fundamental notions in psychology, and 



J\ 



to prepare the ground for more adequate scientific treat- 

 ment, than Prof. James Ward of Cambridge. In several 

 articles which he published in 'Mind ' l on "Psychological 

 Principles," he prepared his readers for an original and 

 comprehensive sketch of modern psychology, which he 

 gave in his article on " Psychology " in the ' Encyclo- 

 paedia Britannica ' (1886). 2 This article may be looked 

 upon as a kind of manifesto, as a programme for 



1 " Psychological Principles " 

 (' Mind,' vol. viii., 1883, and vol. xiii., 

 1888) ; "Modern Psychology, a Re- 

 flection " (vol. ii., N.s.) ; " Assimi- 

 lation and Association " (ibid., and 

 vol. iii.) 



2 The article was followed in the 

 10th ed. of the ' Britannica ' by an 



account of the general progress made 

 in psychology during the last fifteen 

 years of the century. The latest 

 edition of the ' Britannica ' contains 

 (vol. xxii. pp. 547-604) a very con- 

 densed but comprehensive sketch 

 of psychological theory at the 

 present moment. 



