OF THE SOUL. 



289 



than a name for the intrinsic mystery which is also the 

 most characteristic feature of the inner life. The most 

 important psychical phenomenon which forces us to lay 

 our account with the unconscious is the phenomenon of 

 memory. In a study of this phenomenon, unique in the 

 large circumference of the inner life, we may hope to 

 gain clearer notions of that central and paradoxical fact 

 that the main characteristic of consciousness is to include 

 the unconscious. 



Having now arrived at the latest positions taken up 

 with regard to the inner life of the human mind, it may 

 be of value to my readers if I briefly state in what the 

 great changes consist which, during the nineteenth century, 

 have come over our conceptions of the inner world or of 

 the soul. 



First, then, the discussion of the soul-problem as it 

 was carried on in the middle of the century, notably in . 

 Germany, has resulted in a distinct change in the 

 vocabulary which we make use of in psychology. The 62. 

 word soul has almost disappeared out of psychological vocabulary, 

 treatises, and, if the soul-theory is still occasionally 



of psychologists are still opposed 

 to the introduction of anything 

 suggesting the unconscious element 

 into psychological discussion. A 

 notable instance is the endeavour 

 to identify the soul with conscious- 

 ness, as is very ably done (otherwise 

 not without some similarity to 

 James Ward's position) by J. 

 Rehmke, who, in his very interest- 

 ing tract, "Die Seele des Menschen" 

 (3rd ed., 1909), takes the term soul 

 au sdrieux, but subsequently 

 identifies it with consciousness. 

 Helmholtz, fifty years ago, adopted 

 the notion of unconscious logical 



YOL. III. 



processes in the mind to explain 

 certain phenomena of sensation and 

 perception, and Wundt followed 

 him, but subsequently dropped 

 this conception. Prof. Stout, on 

 his part, has introduced the term 

 "anoetic" (see his ' Analytic Psycho- 

 logy,' vol. i. p. 171). A very in- 

 teresting examination of the whole 

 question will be found in Prof. 

 Theodor Lipps' address to the 

 Third International Congress for 

 Psychology, held at Munich, 1896 : 

 ' Der Begriff des Unbewussten in 

 der Psychologic ' (Report, p. 146). 



