OF KNOWLEDGE. 411 



This new conception of logic, which holds its position 6. 



Reaction 



as one of the ideals of recent philosophic thought, gave against this, 

 rise to an extensive critical literature. It provoked, on 

 the one side, a reaction in favour of the older purely 

 formal logic, bringing the same into connection with 

 psychology ; and, on the other side, various attempts to 

 show that the genuine Aristotelian logic stood really 

 much nearear to the demands and positions of modern 

 thought than either the new dialectic or the traditional 

 logic of the schools which professed to be that of 

 Aristotle. The former movement was in Germany 

 represented mainly by Beneke, the latter by Tren- 

 delenburg. 1 



Both in this country and in France independent 

 attempts were, as we have seen, mainly in the direc- 

 tion of understanding the applied logic of the exact 

 sciences, not infrequently with a tacit supposition 

 that the historical, notably the social, sciences should, 

 or could, be submitted to similar treatment. The 

 splendid results, however, which had been achieved 



1 Both these movements stood in 

 opposition to the principal idea of 

 Hegel's philosophy, and contributed 

 to bring the latter into discredit. 

 They came together in the logical 

 writings of Ueberweg, who was also 

 influenced by Schleiermacher. The 

 latter had, like Hegel, revived the 

 term dialectic, but his dialectic is 



outer and inner perception, or 

 that there can be no act without 

 the ' intellectual ' and none with- 

 out the ' organic ' function, and 

 that only a relative preponderance 

 of the one or other function ex- 

 ists in the different ways of think- 

 ing. Agreement with existence is 

 immediately given in inner per- 



something very different from that ception, and is attainable immedi- 

 of Hegel. " Schleiermacher attacks ately also on the basis of outer 

 the Hegelian position, that pure perception. The forms of Thought, 

 thought can have a peculiar be- notion and judgment, are made 

 ginning distinct from all other parallel by Schleiermacher to ana- 

 thinking, and arrives originally at logous forms of real existence the 

 something specially for itself. He notion to the substantial forms and 



teaches that in every kind of think- 

 ing the activity of the reason can 

 be exercised only on the basis of 



the judgment to actions " (Ueber- 

 weg, 'System of Logic,' transl. by 

 T. M. Lindsay, 1871, p. 70). 



