OF KNOWLEDGE. 419 



the ethical theories of Schopenhauer are satisfactory, 

 or that they follow with necessity from the initial 

 position which he takes up, there is no doubt that he 

 has powerfully influenced philosophical thought on the 

 Continent during the second half of the century, as I 

 shall have frequent occasion to point out in the sequel. 

 He thus belongs to those thinkers who have combined 74. 



Overthrow- 

 to overthrow that extreme intellectualism which was ? f i w re ! ne , 



intellectual- 

 characteristic of some of the prominent philosophies ism> 



during the earlier part of the nineteenth century. It is 

 now generally recognised that alongside of the problem 

 of knowledge and of the intellect, the problems of 

 action and of the will, including feeling and emotion, 

 demand an equally independent study. The problem 

 of knowledge, in the modern phase which it is passing 

 through, thus leads us on to other problems, such as the 

 problem of reality or the metaphysical problem, the 

 problem of action or the ethical problem, and many 

 more. The history of these we shall study in separate 

 chapters. 



In the meantime my readers may expect me to sum 

 up in a few words the present position of the problem 

 of knowledge. This cannot be done without some risk, 

 as the discussions referring to this subject are very 

 diverse, indicating the unsettled position of opinion in 

 this matter. 



Nevertheless it seems to me that the following may 

 be said with some approach to accuracy, though I cannot 

 point, in the very extensive literature, to any single and 

 prominent writer who has given expression to the view 

 we are historically led to. It seems to me that the 



