394 PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



more than reduce earlier philosophical arguments ad 

 absurdum, revealing the dilemmas and paradoxes in 

 which such arguments ultimately entangle themselves. 

 More even than of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche may this 

 be said of E. von Hartmann's ' Philosophy of the Uncon- 

 scious,' which boldly faces the burning religious questions 

 of the day. 



Philosophical thought in this country has not pro- 

 duced any elaborate system of Pessimism such as that of 

 Schopenhauer, nor any extravagant doctrine of Indi- 

 vidualism such as that of Nietzsche, though the writings 

 of both these thinkers have received due attention both 

 in translations and in expository and critical writings. 1 

 75. But the whole practical question of the relation of 



W. H. Mal- 



lock. religion to morality and of the ground of belief was 



forced upon thoughtful readers in a series of articles by 

 Mr W. H. Mallock, which followed immediately (1877 

 and following years) 2 upon the ' Symposium ' contained 

 in the first volume of ' The Nineteenth Century/ and 

 already referred to in the last and earlier chapters. A 

 history of philosophic thought, as distinguished from that 



1 Schopenhauer's principal work, 

 ' The World as Will and Idea,' has 

 been translated by R. B. Haldane 

 and J. Kemp (3 vols., 1883-86); 

 the smaller works by T. B. 

 Saunders, 1891, &c. ; Hartmann's 



philosophy is to be found in Mr 

 Whittaker's little volume, quoted 

 above, and Prof. W. R. Sorley 

 treats of the ' New Morality ' of 

 Nietzsche in the first of his three 

 lectures ' On Recent Tendencies in 



'Philosophy of the Unconscious,' Ethics.' But the English litera- 



by W. C. Coupland (3 vols., 1884). 

 A critical exposition of pessimism 

 is contained in Prof. Jas. Sully's 

 ' Pessimism : A History and a 

 Criticism ' (1877). A translation 

 of Nietzsche's complete works is 

 now in course of publication. A 

 concise summary of Schopenhauer's 



ture dealing with these two thinkers 

 is enormous and still growing. 



2 The whole of the discussion is 

 brought together in a very readable 

 volume, entitled ' Religion as a 

 Credible Doctrine : A Study of the 

 Fundamental Difficulty ' (1903). 



