530 PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



the properties of the units determine the properties of 

 the aggregate, we conclude that there must be a Social 

 Science expressing the relations between the two, with 

 as much definiteness as the nature of the phenomena 

 permits. Beginning with types of men who form but 

 small and incoherent social aggregates, such a science 

 has to show in what ways the individual qualities, 

 intellectual and emotional, negative further aggregation. 

 It has to explain how slight modifications of individual 

 nature, arising under modified conditions of life, make 

 somewhat larger aggregates possible. It has to trace 

 out, in aggregates of some size, the genesis of the social 

 relations, regulative and operative, into which the 

 members fall. It has to exhibit the stronger and more 

 prolonged social influences which, by further modifying 

 the characters of the units, facilitate further aggregation 

 with consequent further complexity of social structure. 

 Among societies of all orders and sizes, from the 

 smallest and rudest up to the largest and most civilised, 

 it has to ascertain what traits there are in common, 

 determined by the common traits of human beings ; 

 what less-general traits, distinguishing certain groups 

 of societies, result from traits distinguishing certain 

 races of men ; and what peculiarities in each society 

 are traceable to the peculiarities of its members. In 

 every case it has for its subject-matter the growth, 

 development, structure, and functions of the social 

 aggregate, as brought about by the mutual actions of 

 individuals whose natures are partly like those of all 

 men, partly like those of kindred races, partly distinctive. 

 These phenomena of social evolution have, of course, to 



