SCIENCE AND MAN. 369 



more difficult and expensive. The judge was spared 

 the exercise of his own sagacity and penetration when, 

 by threats of relentless damnation, he could compel the 

 accused to make confession. The evil spirit formerly 

 performed without reward services for which in later 

 times judges and policemen have to be paid.' 



No man ever felt the need of a high and ennobling 

 religion more thoroughly than this powerful and fervid 

 teacher, who, by the way, did not escape the brand of 

 > atheist.' But Fichte asserted emphatically the power 

 and sufficiency of morality in its own sphere. ' Let us 

 consider,' he says, * the highest which man can possess 

 in the absence of religion I mean pure morality. The 

 moral man obeys the law of duty in his breast abso- 

 lutely, because it is a law unto him ; and he does what- 

 ever reveals itself to him as his duty simply because it 

 is duty. Let not the impudent assertion be repeated 

 that such an obedience, without regard for consequences, 

 and without desire for consequences, is in itself im- 

 possible and opposed to human nature.' So much for 

 Fichte. Faraday was equally distinct. ' I have no in- 

 tention,' he says, ' of substituting anything for religion, 

 but I wish to take that part of human nature which is 

 independent of it. Morality, philosophy, commerce, 

 the various institutions and habits of society, are inde- 

 pendent of religion and may exist without it.' These 

 were the words of his youth, but they expressed his 

 latest convictions. I would add, that the muse of 

 Tennyson never reached a higher strain than when it 

 embodied the sentiment of duty in ^Enone : 



And, because right is right, to follow right 

 Were wisdom in the scorn of consequence. 



Not in the way assumed by our dogmatic teachers 

 has the morality of human nature been built up. The 



