BACTERIA IN FOODS 199 



sponsible authorities to see that not a stone is left unturned 

 to enforce cleanliness in all dairy work, isolation of dis- 

 eased cows, and strict treatment of all infected milk. 



Typhoid Fever. Jaccoud in France and Hart in England 

 have shown that enteric fever (typhoid) is not infrequently 

 spread by milk. An epidemic affecting 386 persons in 

 Stamford, Conn., U. S. A., was traced to milk, 97 per cent, 

 of the cases coming from one single milk supply. Dr. 

 McNail recently recorded an outbreak of twenty-two cases 

 of enteric, due to a polluted milk supply. 



Within the last twelve months much attention has been 

 drawn to a milk source of typhoid infection by the epidemic 

 of typhoid at Bristol. Dr. D. S. Davies has pointed out 

 that a brook received the sewage of thirty-seven houses, the 

 overflow of a cesspool serving twenty-two more, the wash- 

 ings from fields over which the drainage of several others 

 was distributed, and the direct sewage from at least one 

 other, and then flowed directly through a certain farm. The 

 water of this stream supplied the farm pump, and the water 

 itself, it is scarcely necessary to add, was highly charged 

 with putrescent organic matter and micro-organisms. This 

 water was used for washing the milk-cans from this particu- 

 lar farm, otherwise the dairy arrangements were efficient. 

 Part of the milk was distributed to fifty-seven houses in 

 Clifton ; in forty-one of them cases of typhoid occurred. 

 Another part of the milk was sold over the counter; twenty 

 households so obtaining it were attacked with typhoid fever, 

 and a number of further infections and complications arose. 

 This evidence would appear to support the fact that milk 

 may act in the same way, though not in such a high degree, 

 as water in the conveyance of typhoid fever. 



It may be pointed out that specific typhoid is not a dis- 

 ease of animals; consequently no danger need be appre- 

 hended from milk if it is properly cared for after it comes 

 from the cow. Typhoid milk is almost invariably due to 



