128 COJIPARISONS OF STRUCTURE IN ANIMALS. 



processes. Of these processes, or projecting 

 additions just described, one is termed the 

 spinous (b), four are called the oblique (c), 

 and two the transverse (d) ; and the vertebrae 

 themselves are divided into those of the neck, 

 A {cervicaV), those of the back, b (^dorsal), 

 those of the loins, c (limihar), and those be- 

 tAveen the hip-bones, d (^saci^al.) To these follow 

 accessory vertebras in a rudimentary state, E, 

 called coccygeal, or caudal ; they run doAATi 

 the tail of quadrupeds, and are comparatively 

 unimportant, and ever variable, as will appear 

 by referring to the engraving of the spinal 

 column of a lion. It is to the dorsal vertebra 

 in mammalia that the ribs are articulated. 

 Each rib has its head fitted into a depression, 

 formed conjointly by the bodies of two 

 vertebrcc, and is further united by a sort of 

 tubercle to the transverse process of the lower- 

 most- of the two vertebrae to which its head is 

 attached. To this mode of union among 

 mammalia there are exceptions. In the whole 

 tribe, for instance, the anterior ribs are each 

 attached only to one vertebra by the head, 

 and to the transverse process of the next by 

 the tubercle, while the posterior ribs are 

 attached exclusivel}' to the transverse pro- 



