Changes in Industrial Methods 3 



The changes which have been noted have taken place 

 more rapidly in the secondary industries such as lumber- 

 ing, transportation, and ordinary commercial pursuits 

 than in primary industries which, like agriculture, depend 

 more upon the labor of the individual than upon the 

 organization and arts of man. Capital has not been 

 concentrated in agriculture ; it has instead accumulated 

 in the towns and cities, where it has organized and feder- 

 ated itself into trade and with legislation to develop to 

 the highest extent its own interests. 



CHANGES IN LABOR METHODS 



These changes have affected the laboring man as 

 vitally as they have the capitalistic interests. The la- 

 borer cannot deal as an individual with organized capital 

 and adequately protect himself, for under present indus- 

 trial conditions, the barrier between his employer and him- 

 self is almost insurmountable. The capitalization of 

 industry, therefore, has forced the laboring men to organize 

 into labor unions, trades unions, and industrial unions, 

 and to amalgamate or federate these separate units into 

 larger central organizations, the purpose of which is to 

 protect the interests of the members in dealing with 

 their employers, to develop favorable labor legislation, to 

 protect themselves against unjust laws, and to bring 

 about a relationship between themselves, their employers, 

 and society which will enable them and their families 

 to share more fairly in the general prosperity to which their 

 labor contributes. Like the concentration of capital, 

 the organization of labor has almost eliminated free 

 competition from its ranks and has been carried to a point 



