Small Grains 



133 



and the plant obtains its nourishment wholly from the per- 

 manent roots. Deep planting does not mean deep rooting, 

 because the permanent roots form about an inch below the 

 surface no matter how deeply the temporary roots, which come 

 direct from the seed, develop. 



The grains of wheat are oblong with a deep groove on one 

 side and a brush of short hairs at the tip. Variation in size, 

 shape, color, and hard- 

 ness is found in different 

 varieties. The endo- 

 sperm makes up about 

 85 per cent of the kernel 

 and most of this enters 

 into flour. The outside 

 covering of the kernel 

 consists of three layers 

 which make up the bran. 

 This is about 5 per cent 

 of the kernel and is 

 used chiefly as live-stock 

 feed. 



60. Kinds of wheat. 

 According to the time 



of year it grOWS, wheat FIG. 45. Heads of beardless winter wheat. 



is known either as winter 2 ' , e ^ c ; 3 ' P ur P le 



4, Poole ; 5, mealy ; 6, Dawson golden chaff. 



or as spring. Seed of 



winter wheat is planted in the fall and harvested early the 

 next summer and seed of spring wheat is planted in the spring 

 and harvested the same year. 



Wheat may also be classified as beardless and bearded. 

 Figs. 45 and 46 show heads of both classes. 



Botanically wheat may be divided into eight species and 

 sub-species, known as einkorn, emmer, spelt, poulard, durum, 

 polish, common, and club. These may be grouped as fol- 

 lows : 



