Farm Management 463 



Are the fields well arranged and, if not, can they be arranged 

 profitably? What are the distances to market, shipping sta- 

 tion, school, and church ? What kind of roads are those which 

 must be traveled most frequently? 



236. Farm tenancy. Share tenancy and cash tenancy are 

 both used in renting farms. The first is often preferred by 

 renters, because it carries less risk. However, statistics show 

 that cash tenancy is increasing in the United States. Econo- 

 mists usually consider it to be the better form. The character 

 of contract between landlord and tenant is a serious problem 

 to both. The proportion that each shall have will vary with 

 the type of farming, the fertility of the soil, and the region 

 where the farm is located. 



237. Laying out the fields. The fields should, as far as 

 possible, be of the same size, for approximately the same area 

 can then be devoted to a given crop each year. Often farms 

 are cut up into small irregular-shaped fields. The problem 

 of the farmer then is to arrange the fields by moving division 

 lines, enlarging some, and reducing others. If possible the 

 fields should be laid out in rectangles. All roads and lanes 

 to and from the fields should follow this boundary. Perma- 

 nent lanes should connect the pastures and stable yards so 

 that the live-stock will travel to and from the pastures with- 

 out a driver. Much 'time can be saved each year by this 

 arrangement. 



238. Kinds of farm equipment. Real estate and personal 

 property are included in farm equipment. Real estate consists 

 of land, buildings, fences, drainage, irrigation, and water-supply 

 systems. Personal property includes live-stock, implements 

 and machinery, feed, seed, fertilizers, products for sale, fuel, 

 and the like. As far as land is concerned, investigations have 

 shown that large farms usually give a greater labor income 

 than small farms. By labor income is meant the money a 

 farmer has left after paying all the running expenses of the 

 farm and the interest on the investment. 



