222 THE PROTOZOA 



amoeba we must drop the name E. tetragena by reason of priority of E. histolytica. 

 Craig now takes this view. 



Wenyon has recently produced dysentery in kittens by infecting them with 

 material containing the four spores of the encysted E. tetragena. He also produced 

 liver abscesses in one of the kittens experimentally infected with dysentery. 



Entamoeba buccalis. This has an ectoplasm similar to E. histolytica, but has a 

 centrally situated nucleus, the nucleus, however, is poor in chromatin. 



Obtained from the mouths of persons with dental caries. It does not appear 

 to have pathogenic characteristics. 



Castellani has reported an intestinal amoeba with an undulatory membrane. 

 He has given it the name of E. undulans. 



Leydenia gemmipara. It is a question whether these bodies were animal 

 parasites or simply body cells showing amoeboid movement. They were found 

 in the ascitic fluid of two cases of carcinomatosis. They varied in size from 3 to 36^. 



FLAGELLATA (MASTIGOPHORA). 



In this class of protozoa the adults have flagella for the purposes of 

 locomotion and the obtaining of food. 



Some flagellates more or less resemble rhizopods in being amoeboid and in having 

 an ectoplasm and an endoplasm. The body is frequently covered by a cuticle 

 (periplast). Some flagellates have a definite mouth part, the cytostome, which leads 

 to a blind oesophagus; others absorb food directly through the body wall. In addi- 

 tion to flagella, some flagellates possess an undulating membrane. All flagellates 

 possess a nucleus and some have contractile vacuoles. The flagellum may arise 

 directly from the nucleus or from a small kinetic nucleus, the blepharoplast (micro- 

 nucleus or basal granule). 



The most important flagellates of man are the haemoflagellates. Among these 

 we may include the blood spirochaetes and the organism of syphilis, which have 

 many resemblances to the spiral forms of bacteria, together with the three genera in 

 which protozoal characteristics are marked, namely, Leishmania, Trypanosoma 

 and Trypanoplasma. In addition we have flagellates in the intestinal canal and in 

 the vaginal secretion. Some authors place the genus Piroplasma with the flagellates 

 and there has been controversy concerning the nature of certain projections from 

 these bodies. It would seem preferable, however, to consider them under the 

 Sporozoa. 



Spirochaeta. 



The generic term Spirochseta is applied to flagellates having a spiral 

 shape, an undulating membrane, and no flagella. This genus is one 

 about which there are two views : one, that the members belong to the 

 bacteria; the other, that they are protozoa. The absence of demonstra- 

 ble nucleus and blepharoplast makes them apparently vegetable in nature 

 while the variations in thickness, the fact of transmission by an arthro- 



