APPENDIX 385 



serum albumin. When the combined percentage of globulins and serum albumin 

 is subtracted from the total proteid percentage we have the percentage of 

 nucleo-proteid. 



Bence-Jones Body. (Albumose.) Perform the heat test for albumin. The 

 appearance of a heavy precipitate which partially clears on boiling suggests albu- 

 mose. If albumose is present a cloud will appear in the nitrate on cooling. The 

 precipitate formed with nitric acid, if due to albumose, disappears with heat, that 

 of serum albumin does not. 



As another test for the Bence-Jones body, usually present in multiple myelomata, 

 that of Boston is of value. Mix 15 c.c. urine in a test-tube with an equal amount of 

 saturated NaCl solution. Add 2 c.c. of 40% NaOH solution and shake the contents 

 of the tube thoroughly. Heat the upper contents of the tube to boiling and add lead 

 acetate solution (10%) drop by drop continuing the heating. A brown to black 

 precipitate (sulphur) shows this form of albumin. 



In tests requiring the removal of albumin boil the urine and add dilute acetic 

 acid until the precipitate is flocculent, then filter. 



SUGAR. 



Fehling. Pour equal parts of Fehling's copper solution (34.639 grams of copper 

 sulphate in 500 c.c. of water) and Fehling's alkali solution (173 grams sodium potas- 

 sium tartrate and 50 grams sodium hydrate in 500 c.c. water) into a test-tube. Mix 

 and dilute the deep Wire solution with two parts of water. Heat the upper portion 

 of the diluted Fehling's solution in the flame to boiling and drop in from a pipette 

 the urine to be examined. A yellowish to red precipitate shows the presence of 

 sugar. 



Fehling's test will show the presence of i/ioo of i % of glucose in an 

 aqueous solution but is vastly less delicate for sugar in urine. This is due to the 

 power of the creatinin in urine of holding the reduced suboxide of copper in solu- 

 tion. An important point is that the creatinin is broken up by prolonged boil- 

 ing hence the puzzling precipitates one gets at times after a long period of boiling 

 are explained in this way. Glycuronic acid may cause a doubtful reaction. If the 

 precipitated cuprous oxide is in very fine granules the color is greenish, if less fine, 

 greenish-yellow and if quite coarse, reddish. 



Creatinin holds in solution the copper suboxide formed by uric acid as well as 

 that resulting from very small glucose content of urine. 



As a test for doubtful glycosuria it is well to give 100 grams of pure glucose. A 

 normal person should deal with such an amount without showing sugar reaction of 

 the urine. 



Phenylhydrazin (Kowarsky). Mix five drops of pure phenylhydrazin in a test- 

 tube with ten drops of glacial acetic acid. Shake lightly and add 15 drops of satu- 

 rated solution of NaCl. This makes a pasty mixture. Now add 10 c.c. of the urine 

 and bring carefully to a boil over a small flame and continue to boil gently for two 

 minutes. Upon cooling a yellowish crystalline precipitate falls more or less rapidly 

 according to the sugar content of the urine. If the urine contains 0.2% or more of 

 sugar the precipitate appears in a few minutes. The test is sensitive for 0.03% of 

 sugar. 



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