FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ANA TOMY. 



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CLASSICAL WORDS IN COMMON USE IN ANATOMY. 



A'anu'. Gen. Sing. Plural. Gen. Plural. English. 



Fascia, ... se, .... Fasciae. Fasciarum. Sash. 



Glandula, . . ae, . . . . Glandulas. Glandularum. Gland. 



Vena, . . . ae Venae. Venarum. Vein. 



Artena, . . . ae Arteriae. Arteriarum. Artery. 



Cartilage, . . inis, . . . Cartilagines. Cartilaginum. Cartilage. 



Chondrum, . i, .... Chondra. Chondrium. Cartilage. 



Tendo, ... is, .... Tendines. Tendinium. Tendon. 



Musculus, . i Musculi. Musculorum. Muscle. 



Nervus, . . i Nervi. Nervorum. Nerve. 



Vas is, .... Vasa. Vasorum. Vessel. 



Os, sis, . . . Ossa. Ossium. Bone. 



Os ris, . . . Ores. Orium. Mouth. 



Aponeurosis, is, .... Aponeuroses. Aponeurosium. Band. 



Costa, ... ae, .... Costae. Costarum. Rib. 



Viscus, ... us, ... Viscera. Organ. 



Pons, . . . tis, . . . Pontes. Pentium. Bridge. 



Trochlea, . . ae Trochleae. Trocharum. Pulley. 



Gaster, Stomach. 



Intestinum, . i Intestini. Intestinorum. Intestine. 



Many adjectives are in use, as magnus, longus, brevis, latus, profundus, sub- 

 limis, orbicularis ; they are declined and used as the nature of the case would 

 indicate. 



Rationale of Naming of Certain Muscles. It is important that the student 

 should, early in his course of dissection, understand why certain muscles are 

 named as they are named in the books. In fact, the student should have a 

 knowledge of the principle involved in this part of the nomenclature. To one 

 unfamiliar with this principle the names tibialis antictts, pronator quadratics, 

 extensor minimi, may seem perfect and complete designations. The impression, 

 however, is erroneous, as the above terms are incomplete. In other words, the 

 terms above given are only abbreviations, and are properly used when the 

 manner by which usage sanctions them is understood. The principle is this : 

 The complete technical name of a muscle contemplates : (i) The structure ; (2) the 

 structure in the capacity of an agent ; (3) an agent of something ; (4) an agent 

 adjectively qualified in such a manner as to distinguish it from others of a syner- 

 gistic class. 



STRUCTURE. AGENT. AGENT OF WHAT. DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES. 



radialis 



ulnaris 



bicipitalis 



radialis 



radialis 



communis 



minimi 



superioris 



longior 

 brevior 



We unconsciously acquire a habit of using the abbreviated name, and this 

 explains in part the lamentable fact that so many students leave school with a 

 memory well stored with words words numerous, ponderous, classical words 

 which, by virtue of their abbreviational arrangement, leave on the memory no 

 notion of the physiological function of the muscle. At times the habit of thinking 

 of names of muscles almost makes us fail to recognize the full name. The 

 following table will illustrate this point : 



ANATOMICAL NAME. 



TECHNICAL NAME. 



Tibialis anticus Musculus flexor tarsi tibialis anticus. 



Tibialis posticus Musculus extensor tarsi tibialis posticus. 



Peroneus longus Musculus extensor tarsi peroneus longus. 



