FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY. 13 



Supra is limited in its application to a few areas, for the reason that it does 

 not combine well to form euphonious words, and euphony, you will observe, is 

 a potent factor in determining the volume of our anatomical vocabulary. The 

 chief use of the term is in physical diagnosis, where regions requiring no definite 

 limitations are indicated by supra in combination with the name of the locality 

 under consideration : Supraorbital, suprasternal, supraclavicular, suprascapular, 

 suprapubic, supratrochlear, supratrochanteric, supracondylar, supragluteal, supra- 

 hyoid, supraacetabular. Infra is the opposite, but can not with propriety be used 

 in some cases, as infracondylar ridge, since no such ridge exists. 



Juxta has the specific meaning of one above another with parallelism of 

 parts. Its use is confined to osteology almost wholly, with no good reason. In 

 the vertebral column we have juxtaposition of bodies, transverse, spinous, and 

 articular processes ; juxtaposition of laminae, pedicles, and intervertebral notches. 

 Still, for practical purposes, the biceps and brachialis are in juxtaposition. Usage 

 determines the scope of legitimate nomenclature. 



Pre, as in preaxial, the opposite of post-axial ; in presystolic ; in pre- 

 vertebral, in speaking of the three great prevertebral gangliated plexuses of the 

 sympathetic nervous system. The use of this word is limited. 



Peri. The prepositional excellence of anatomical nomenclature seems to 

 culminate in the word now under consideration. For this there is good reason : 

 its euphonious nature combines with everything of an anatomical kind, either 

 in substantive or adjective form, and besides it expresses a relation comprehending 

 all other relations around. Every visible anatomical structure possesses a 

 protective coat or sheath, which surrounds and protects the same. Many of 

 these are expressed by peri in combination, as the following will show : Peri- 

 osteum, perimysium, periuterine, pericardium, peritendineum, peridontium, peri- 

 pulmonum, perichondrium, perineurium, peritoneum, perinaeum, periglottis, 

 periorbita, perivenal, periproctic, peristaltic, perivisceral. 



In the course of your dissection make a study of each technical word used, 

 and you will soon acquire a habit of thinking in anatomical terms when doing 

 anatomical work. Remember every anatomical region is occupied by structures, 

 and these structures have names and relations. If you learn the principles on 

 which the technical language of anatomy is founded, then you shall have passed 

 the first milestone on your way to a medical education.* 



THE ANATOMICAL TISSUES. 



In the dissecting-room you meet normal tissues, as muscle, nerve, and skin, 

 in all their various forms and combinations. It is here you should apply 

 practically those things you have learned in such thorough detail in the histo- 

 logical laboratory. It is true you deal here with these tissues, not with the 

 microscope, but with the unaided eye and the sense of touch. In the laboratory 

 you learned to recognize epithelial tissue in general and special, and you classified 

 the same according to the shape and strata of the cell. Here it is enough for 

 you to remember that the epithelial tissues cover the free surface of the skin and 

 mucous membrane. 



The Bulky Portion of Your Work is Made Up of Muscles. Of these you 

 learn origin, insertion, relation, nerve-supply, blood-supply, investment, and func- 

 tion. This is gross anatomy. You must also remember histologically that 

 all muscles belong' to the muscular tissues, that the characteristic of these tissues is 



*The technical terms used in anatomy are chiefly of Latin derivation ; the grammatical construction 

 is purely so. In view of the importance of being familiar with our nomenclature, I would recommend 

 Robinson's Latin Grammar, both for those who have given but little lime to classical study and also for 

 those who wish to review the same. 



