206 



PR A CTICAL ANA TOM \ '. 



surfaces of ribs are covered by the pleura costalis. The lung is invested by 

 pleura, just as the abdominal organs are invested by peritoneum. The layer of 

 pleura covering the lungs is called visceral layer, or pleura pulmonalis. The 

 pleural cavity is the space between the two layers of pleura. This cavity 

 contains only a small amount of serum for lubrication. You will often find 

 adhesions between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura, the result of 

 inflammation. Frequently you will find many ounces of fluid, the result of 

 hypersecretion : this condition is hydro-tfiora.v. Occasionally you will find pus 

 in the pleural cavity : this is pyo-tJwrax. You may find foetid gas : this is pneumo- 

 tliorax; or pus and gas, pyo-pneuino-tliorax. 



Pectoralia major muscle 

 Pectoralis minor muaclj 



SUPERIOR LOBE 



, Serratus magnua 

 muscle 



MIDDLE LOBE 



SECTION OF SEVENTH RIB 



Diaphragm 



STERNUM 



ENSIFORM CARTILAGE 



FIG. 145. ANTERIOR VIKW OF THK THORAX \YITII CHKST WALL RKMOVKD, SIIO\VIM; 

 THK LUNGS. (Modified from Bourgery.), 



Cavities of tubercular origin are often found in the lungs. In these case 

 notice the cavity, while an assistant inflates the lung. A large percentage of the 

 cases you see in the dissecting-room have pulmonary tuberculosis ; some have 

 croupous pneumonia ; others, pulmonary gangrene. 



AntJiracosis is carbuncular disease of the lung. This you will find occasion- 

 ally. Every adult lung you will see on the tables will be literally covered by 

 carbonaceous spots. This pigmentation is undoubtedly produced by impure air ; 

 still, you fail to find it in domestic animals at the stock-yards. Possibly if these 

 animals lived forty years, they would show the same spots on their lung 

 surfaces that are found in man's lungs. 



The apex of the lung extends one and one-half inches above the first rib. The 



