ABDOMEN. 263 



2. From where to where docs the gangliated cord extend ? 



From the ganglion of Ribes above, on the anterior communicating artery, to 

 the ganglion impar below, on the coccyx. 



3. Hou> many ganglia are in each region of the spine / 



Three in the cervical ; twelve in the dorsal ; four in the lumbar ; four in the 

 sacral region. 



4. Where will we find these ganglia in the cervical region in dissection f 



In the neck, behind the carotid sheath, the superior cervical ganglion ; on 

 the inferior thyroid artery, the middle cervical ganglion ; on the inner side of the 

 superior intercostal artery, the inferior cervical ganglion. This one is somewhat 

 difficult to find, as it lies in fatty connective tissue. Look between the trans- 

 verse process of the seventh cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib, and 

 you will find it. Dissolve the fat in ether and pack the region with a two per 

 cent, solution of formaline, to develop well the branches of this ganglion, which 

 branches are somewhat numerous. 



5 . Where are the ganglia located in the thorax ? 



You will find them in fatty connective tissue, behind the pleura costalis, on 

 the heads of the rib. These are smaller than the cervical, but easily found. 



6. Where will we find the ganglia in the lumbar portion of the gangliated cord ? 

 Along the inner margin of the psoas magnus muscle, behind the peritoneum, 



in fatty connective tissue. 



7. Where vvill we find the ganglia in the sacral region of t/te gangliated cord? 

 Along the inner side of the anterior sacral foramina, behind the peritoneum, 



in fatty connective tissue. 



8 . Hcr L v are these ganglia, in the regions above mentioned, connected ? 



By interganglionic cords or nerves. These can all be seen, and must be 

 demonstrated on the cadaver by the student. 



9. What are the rami commnnicantes ? 



They are two little nerves that extend from the spinal nerve, shortly after its 

 emergence, to the ganglia of the gangliated cord. These are the somatic com- 

 munications referred to above. 



i o. How do sympathetic nerves reach the organs or parts they are destined to 

 supply ? 



In two general ways : (i) The majority of sympathetic nerves travel with 

 the artery to the organ, and take the same name as the artery. (2) Some few 

 accompany somatic nerves to a part ; the sympathetic nerves to the pharynx 

 accompany the vagus and glosso-pharyngeal nerves, and then take the name of 

 the part supplied. 



1 1 . Are there any important nerves given off from the superior cervical gan- 

 glion ? If so, zv/iat arc they, and where are they distributed ? 



Yes ; from the ganglion are given off branches that accompany the branches 

 of the internal carotid artery to the brain ; the ophthalmic artery to the orbit ; 

 communicating branches to the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cranial nerves. 



1 2. What branches are given off from the middle cervical ganglion ? 

 Nerves to all the branches of the external carotid artery ; nerves to the 



pharyngeal plexus ; a nerve the superior cardiac nerve. 



13. What nerves are given off from the inferior cervical ganglion f 

 From this are given off the principal nerves to the cardiac plexus. 



14. Explain the sympathetic distribution from the twelve thoracic ganglia. 



In round numbers, the six upper are given to the cardiac plexus ; the six 

 lower to the solar and renal plexuses, by the splanchnics. 

 i 5. How is the hypogastric plexus formed f 



By branches from the lumbar and sacral parts of the gangliated cord. 

 1 6. What is the function of the cardiac prevertebral plexus ? 



