Biological Point of View 



and sought the shelter of the mountain caves 

 came to value his horde. It was within the 

 shelter of the earliest cooperative efforts that 

 there arose the social impulses and traditions 

 on which the teamwork of human society 

 depends. But we are told to be on our guard 

 against that sentimental appreciation of mutual 

 aid which regards it as the opposite of the 

 struggle for survival. Whatever may be the 

 hope for the future, yet the records of the past 

 indicate that cooperation was merely a prelimi- 

 nary to a greatly intensified systematic struggle 

 for existence and supremacy. 



4. The Beginnings of Human Society 



Accustomed as we are to the conventional 

 regulation of the biological elements of our 

 nature, we ordinarily fail to appreciate the part 

 they play in history. Glossing over the preda- 

 tory activities of man with the glamour of ro- 

 manticism, we are in danger of losing sight of 

 their real significance. Students of social evo- 

 lution have, however, brushed aside the masks 

 under which man has hidden the wolfish aspects 

 of his nature, and the story of human history 

 that they have written forms one chapter with 

 that of the biologist. As already stated, they 



