HEAT CENTRES IN THE BRAIN 717 



confirmed by Frangois-Franck and Pitres, 1 who find that the bladder is 

 far more sensitive to the effects of cerebral excitation (in the motor 

 region) than the vascular system, although the effects produced are 

 somewhat irregular, v. Bechterew and Mislawsky also determined 

 separately the effects of cortical stimulation upon the sphincter vesicae. 

 They found that this was sometimes contracted, sometimes relaxed, as 

 the result of such stimulation, effects comparable, as they point out, to 

 the two kinds of influence, contraction and inhibition, which the will 

 probably exerts upon that muscle. 



Heat centres in the brain (?).— That injuries to the brain produced 

 experimentally in animals cause a rise of body temperature, was shown 

 by Tscheschischin. 2 Eulenberg and Landois, 3 and subsequently Hitzig, 4 

 found that injuries of the cortex of the dog's brain in the neighbourhood 

 of the crucial sulcus produce a rise of temperature, which is most 

 marked on the opposite side of the body. 5 Similar observations were 

 made by Wood, 6 Richet, 7 Ott, s and others. 9 Aronsohn and Sachs 10 

 found that punctures of the corpus striatum, in particular, cause a rise 

 of temperature, and the same fact was affirmed independently by Ott, 11 

 and has been confirmed by Girard, 12 Baginsky and Lehmann, 13 and Hale 

 White. 14 The observations of Hale White, which were made upon rabbits, 

 tend to show that it is especially a lesion of the grey matter of the corpus 

 striatum and not of the adjacent white matter of the hemisphere, nor of 

 the optic thalamus, which is followed by the rise of temperature, and that 

 this rise, which may amount to 3° or 4° or even 5° F., lasts from a few hours 

 to several days. Lesions of the cms cerebri and of the septum lucidum 

 were also found by Hale White to be followed by a very considerable 

 elevation of temperature, but injuries to the cortex cerebri to a less degree. 



Injuries to various parts of the brain (cortex, corpus striatum, and 

 crus cerebri) in man have also frequently been found to be associ- 

 ated with rise of body temperature. 15 It is, however, very doubtful 

 whether the facts observed warrant the assumption that the parts in 

 question, which are apparently irritated by the lesion, are specific 

 centres to determine the production of heat. For when the experiments 



I Loc. clt.; see also v. Bechterew and Mislawsky (Neurol. Centralbl., Leipzig, 1888, S. 

 505), who obtained contraction of the detrusor vesicae in the dog on stimulating a localised 

 part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus, v. Bechterew obtained contraction of the sphincter 

 vesicre by stimulation of a point in the same gyrus a little further out [Neurol. Central})!., 

 Leipzig, 1893, Bd. xii. S. 81). 



- Arch. f. Anal., Physiol, u. wissensch. Med., I860', S. 151; and Deutsches Arch. f. klin. 

 Med., Leipzig, 1867, Bd. ii. S. 588. 



:! Virchows Archiv, Bd. lxvi. S. 489 ; Bd. lxviii. S. 245. 



4 Centralbl. f. d. med. Wissensch., Berlin, 1876, S. 323. 



5 This difference on the two sides was not found by Hale White and Washbourn in 

 rabbits, Journ. Physiol., Cambridge and London, 1891, vol. xii. p. 271. 



6 "Fever," Smithson. Covtrib. Knoirl., Washington, 1S80. 



7 Soc. de biol., Paris, 29 Mars 1884. 



B Journ. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., N. Y., 1884. 



9 For references to earlier observations, see Riegel, Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., Bonn, 1872, 

 Bd. v. S. 629 ; later papers are given by Hale White, Journ. Physiol., Cambridge and 

 London, 1890, vol. xi. p. 1. 



10 Deutsche med. Wchnschr., Leipzig, 1884, and Arch. f. d. yes. Physio/., Bonn, 1885, 

 Bd. xxxvii. S. 232. 



II Journ. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., N. Y., 1884, 1887, 1888 ; and Brain, London, 1889. 



12 Arch, de physiol. norm, etputh., Paris, 1886, tome viii. 



13 Firchow's Archiv, 1886, Bd. cvi. S. 258. 



14 Journ. Physiol., Cambridge and London, 1890, vol. xi. p. 1 ; ibid., 1891, vol. xii. p. 233. 

 16 For a list of published cases, see Hale White, Brit. Med. Journ., London, 1894, 



vol. ii. p. 1093 ; ibid., 1897,. vol. i. p. 1655. 



