MISCELLANEOUS WRITERS. 211 



geographical distribution. Among these were Her- 

 bert von Buch, Haldeman, and Schaafhausen the 

 anthropologist. We find a partial revival of Goethe's 

 doctrines by the botanists Schleiden and Lecoq. 



Lamarckism found very few followers. The 

 Greek idea of pre-existent germs of species was 

 revived by Keyserling. The Aristotelian notion of 

 an internal impulse or tendency towards progression 

 was more or less clearly revived by the 'progres- 

 sionists ' in the Vestiges of Creation and in Owen's 

 essay on the " Nature of Limbs." 



Other writers who expressed a more or less pos- 

 itive belief in the mutability of species were : Virey 1 

 in 1817, Grant 2 in 1826, Rafinesque 3 in 1836, Du- 

 jardin 4 in 1843, d'Halloy 5 in 1846. Chevreul 6 and 

 Godron, 7 in 1846 and 1847, advanced views some- 

 what similar to those of the younger St. Hilaire. 

 We note also Leidy in 1850, T. Unger, the bot- 

 anist, in 1852, Carus and Schaafhausen 8 in 1853, 

 Lecoq in i854. 9 



Sachs has shown how the botanists Brown, Nageli, 

 and Hofmeister were approaching the theory. 



1 Article " Especes," Diet, & Hist. Naturelle de Deterville. 



2 Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, Vol. XIV., p. 283. 



3 New Flora of North America, 1836, pp. 6, 18. 



4 Ann. d. Sc. Nat., 3 e ser., t. IV., p. 279. 



5 Bulletins de I'Academie Roy. Bruxelles, torn. XIII., p. 581. 



6 Considerations Generales sur les Variations des Individus. Mem. d. 1. 

 Soc. Roy. et Centr. d' Agriculture, 1846, p. 287. 



7 De rEspece et des Races. Mem. d. 1. Societe d. Sciences de Nancy, 

 1847, P- l82 ' Published as a separate book in 1859. 



8 Verb. d. Naturh. Ver. d. Preus. Rhein, Ueber Best'dndigkeit und Urn- 

 wandlung der Arten, Bonn, 1853. 



9 Etudes s. 1. Geographic Botanique de V Europe, Paris, 1854, p. 199. 



