2 5 6 



INDEX. 



Branching nature of ascent, Lamarck, 

 172-176; St. Hilaire, 201-202. 



Bruno, sources of his ideas, 78, 79 ; sup- 

 posed anticipations, 80; perfecting 

 tendency, 80 ; interpretation of 

 'Genesis,' 80; Uniformitarianism, 82; 

 origin of man, 82. 



Buch, geographical distribution, 213 ; 

 direct action environment, 214; seg- 

 regation, 214. 



Buffon, characteristics, 130-131 ; change 

 of views, 132 ; conception of teleol- 

 ogy, 132 ; mutability of species, 133 ; 

 development and degeneration, 133; 

 unity of type, 134; scale of ascent, 

 135 ; pangenesis, 135 ; direct influence 

 of environment, 136 ; segregation, 

 136; struggle for existence, 136; im- 

 perfect phyletic views, 139 ; anticipa- 

 tion of Darwinism, 141. 



Causation, relation of natural and super- 

 natural, Aristotle, 50, 51; problems 

 of, left by the Greeks, 68; natural, 

 Augustine, 72; natural, philosophers 

 upon, 89 ; Descartes, 94 ; Spinoza, 97 ; 

 Kant, zoo ; E. Darwin, 148 ; Lamarck, 

 163 ; Owen, 219 ; ' finality,' Naudin, 

 224; Darwin, 237-238. 



Chambers, ' The Vestiges,' 215 ; cosmic 

 Evolution, 216 ; descent of man, 216 ; 

 saltatory Evolution, 217 ; perfecting 

 tendency, 217 ; abiogenesis, 218. 



Continuity of Germs (hereditary), Robi- 

 net, 122. 



Creation, Potential, Gregory, 71 ; Augus- 

 tine, 71 ; Erigena, 74 ; Aquinas, 75 ; 

 Bruno, 80; Descartes, 95. Special, 

 Descartes upon, 94; Suarez, 83; Buf- 

 fon, 134 ; Lamarck, 159 ; succession of 

 creations, Cuvier, 196 ; Darwin, 232. 



Cuvier, early and late views, 195 ; catastro- 

 phism, 196 ; special creations, 196 ; 

 discussion with St. Hilaire, 202-204. 



Darwin, Charles, relation to the past, 229 ; 

 changes of opinion, 229; induction, 

 230, 234 ; hereditary and educational 

 influences, 231 ; evolution idea, 233 ; 

 development of his opinions, 235 ; 

 natural selection, 236; perfecting 

 principle, 237 ; ' Design,' 238 ; ' salta- 

 tory Evolution,' 238 ; survival of the 

 fittest, 239 ; Lamarck's factor, 240 ; 

 Buffon's factor, 240, 241 ; heredity, 



242; final opinions, 243; relation to 

 Wallace, 243. 



Darwin, Erasmus, principal writings, 139 

 abiogenesis, 140 ; origin of man, 141 

 accidental variation, favourable, 141 

 struggle for existence, 142 ; indebted- 

 ness to the Greeks, 142; anticipa- 

 tion of Lamarck, 143; primordial 

 germ, 144; evidences of Evolution, 

 145 ; transmission of acquired charac- 

 ters, 145 ; sexual characters, 147 ; irri- 

 tability, 147, 148 ; evolution of man, 

 149; limitations of his theory, 150; 

 relations to Lamarck, 152-155. 



Degeneration, Aristotle, 25; Sylvius and 

 Vesalius, 25 ; Kant, 101 ; Buffon, 133, 

 134; disuse, Owen, 219-220; caused 

 by disuse, Darwin, 240-242. 



Democritus, anticipation of materialism. 

 41 ; attitude towards adaptation, 42 ; 

 the universe a mechanism, 42. 



Descartes, on special creation and a 

 natural order of development, 95. 



Design, intelligent, Anaxagoras, 42 ; Aris- 

 totle, 49, 53, 54; misconception of, 

 Buffon, 132; Darwin, 238. 



Development, progressive, Aristotle, 26; 

 Buffon, 133 ; Owen, 220. 



Dider&t, relation to Empedocles, psychic 

 attraction and repulsion, 115; sur- 

 vival of fittest combinations, 116; 

 conception of Evolution, 116. 



Diogenes, spontaneous origin of life, 36. 



Economy of growth, law of, Aristotle, 

 25, 46; Goethe, 25; St. Hilaire, 25; 

 Treviranus, 190. 



Embryology, advance of, 27 ; evidence 

 of Evolution and unity of type, 

 Meckel, 212; Baer, 212; Serres, 212; 

 Owen, 220. 



Empedocles, succession of life, 37 ; for- 

 tuitous origin, 38; survival of the 

 fittest, 39 ; struggle for existence, 39 ; 

 relation to modern Evolution, 41 ; 

 criticised by Aristotle, 55; attraction 

 and repulsion, 37. 



Environment, Influences of, Maillet, 112; 

 direct, Buffon, 136, 137 ; Kant, 101 ; 

 indirect, E. Darwin, 147; Lamarck, 

 172 ; direct, Lamarck, 177-178 ; Trevi- 

 ranus, 191 ; action upon early stages 

 of development, St. Hilaire, 199; 

 action upon fixation of type, St. Vin- 

 cent, 205; Buch, 214; Haldeman, 214; 



