342 THE FRUIT GROWER'S GUIDE. 



1. Old Red Sandstone. Constituents : sandstone, impure limestone (corn stone) 

 and marl. Soil : reddish loam. Occurrence : counties Hereford, Shropshire (also 

 in Cumberland, Vale of Eden), Monmouth, Brecknock, Glamorgan, Carmarthen, and 

 Pembroke. Numerous tracts also occur in the Scotch Lowlands, at the soul hern feet of 

 the Grampians, along the coastlands of Moray Firth, and in the Orkney Isles; also in 

 the south-west of Ireland, and in its central plain. Soils of the Old Ucd Sai.dstone 

 formation produce grand apples. 



2. New Red Sandstone. Constituents : sandstone, limestone (occasionally), and 

 marl. Soil : red loam, sometimes a rich brown loam (a result of tillage humus), and 

 greyish loam when limestone admixes. Occurrence : counties Devon, Somerset, 

 Gloucester, Worcester, Warwick, Stafford, Chester, Lancaster, Nottingham, Lincoln,, 

 and York. Soils of this nature are noted for apple production. 



3. Lias. Constituents : marlstone clay and sand, with limestone. Soil: rich 

 brown loam, red (new red marl), arid dark (alluvium). Occurrence : counties Dorset, 

 Somerset, Gloucester, Worcester, Warwick, Northampton, Leicester, Nottingham,. 

 Lincoln, and York. Good apple soils are formed on Lias of the nature indicated. 



4. Oolite. Constituents, best forms : calcareous matter, sand, and clay. Soil r 

 brown, yellow, or grey loams, as humus, sand, and limestone, respectively enter into 

 their composition. Occurrence: counties Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Berks, Gloucester, 

 Oxford, Bucks, Beds, Hunts, Eutland, and Lincoln. Where lias and oolite ramify the 

 produce is a fertile soil, as in Northampton, around Buckingham and Kettering. 



5. Cretaceous. (a) Wealden. 1. Constituents : clay and calcareous sandstone. Soil : 

 reddish loam. 2. Constituents : siliceous clay. Soil : yellow loam, sometimes a deep 

 brown loam. Occurrence : counties Kent, Sussex, and Surrey, (b) Lower green- 

 sand. Constituents, best forms : siliceous and calcareous matter, mixed with brick-earth. 

 Soil : rich brownish loam. Occurrence : counties Kent, Bucks, Beds, and Cambridge. 

 ( c) Gault. Constituents, best forms : calcareous sand, chalk marl, and clay. Soil : 

 greenish black loam. Occurrence : Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Dorset, Isle of Wight, 

 Wilts, Berks, Norfolk, Lincoln, and York, (d) Upper greensand. Constituents, 

 best forms: calcareous sand, chalk marl, and phosphatic nodules (coprolites). Soil: 

 greenish or yellow loam, becoming dark with humus. Occurrence : counties Sussex, 

 Hants, west Surrey, west Wilts, Somerset, Oxon, Bucks, Beds, and Cambridge. The 

 Wealden are good apple soils, especially those mixed with brick-earth. 



6. Alluvium and Drift. These are admixtures, and as variable as the formations 

 from which they have been worn. Alluvial soils occur in the great vale of York and 



