APPLES JR. { 1XJNG. i$ 



during summer were headed to f>, resulting in wood extensions from the upper buds or 

 those immediately below the priming, and the formation of spurs (c\ some with fruit 

 buds, the whole tree being as shown in the figure in the autumn of the third year. 

 At the winter pruning the season's growths arc thinned where too crowded or 

 crossing others, some being cut to within an inch of their origin (d) to form spurs. Shoots 

 advancing in the right direction merely have the immature points shortened to firm 

 wood and a bold bud, pointing in the direction the growth from it is required to take the 

 ensuing season. If outwards the bud must be outside the shoot, or if inwards, towards 

 the stem of the tree. These; may be termed extension shoots, as e, and any required to 

 furnish shoots for filling vacant space should be cut back to five or six buds (/), not 

 counting the small basal buds. Closer pruning of some of the lower shoots would have 

 been necessary, but growths have been produced from latent buds at the base of the 

 tree, which have lain dormant, not pushing until the tree had, by thorough estab- 

 lishment after planting, more sap transmitted than required, therefore causing the 

 growths (g). These, cut back two-thirds their length, afford growths serviceable for 

 furnishing the tree at the base, where it was hitherto rather naked. 



These trees are chiefly employed for commercial purposes. The principles upon 

 which they are managed are, first, allowing varieties to assume their natural forms; 

 second, reducing pruning to a minimum, confining it to thinning out the shoots 

 in June or early July where they cross, crowd, or otherwise interfere with each other, or 

 impede the free access of light, air, and rain to the fruit and foliage, also shortening 

 in September the shoots that have grown long to half their length, and those not 

 required for extension to four or six good-sized leaves, for assisting the ripening of the 

 wood and the development of fruit buds ; and third, to reduce expenditure in manu- 

 facture to as low a figure as is consistent with placing such fruit in the market in a con- 

 dition to command purchasers, and return as much interest as possible on the capital 

 invested. Winter pruning is confined to shortening shoots not required for extension 

 to three or four buds, and thinning where necessary so as to leave the primary branches 

 9 to 12 inches apart. The result of the treatment described is fairly pourtrayed 

 in the fruiting tree, 7 (Fig. 8), the third year after planting. Such trees are equally 

 adapted for garden and field culture. They are excellent for cottagers and persons 

 generally who are not skilled in the art of training, and who cannot devote a great 

 amount of time to their trees. 



Horizontal Training (Fig. 9). Select a maiden tree, K, with a clean, straight stem 



