APPLES ENEMIES. 4I 



access to the pith, in which the larvee feed. This pest infests other fruit trees. Removal 

 of the injured leaves and shoots must bo promptly attended to, burning them ; and the 

 weevils should be captured as advised for those of R. bacchus, but during May and June. 



Apple Sawfly (Tenthredo testudinea). The name sawfly refers to the female 

 possessing a minute double saw at the hinder end of the body, which is a modified 

 ovipositor. By means of this the apple sawfly deposits its eggs in the setting apples, 

 during May or early June, the eggs hatching out tiny white grubs, and these feed upon 

 the flesh of the young fruit. The Iarva3 become full-fed at the end of June or early 

 July, and the apples fall to the ground when about a quarter grown ; the grub then eats 

 its way out, enters and forms a cocoon in the soil, where it remains in the pupa state until 

 the following spring. The fruits of many apple trees are cast in great quantities, from 

 attacks of the apple sawfly larvae, when about the size of a walnut or less. Such fruit 

 should be collected and burnt. Pointing the surface of the soil in autumn aids the 

 destruction of the pupa3 by exposing the cocoons to the keen eyes of birds, and dressings 

 of quicklime, also soakings of diluted gas liquor and liquid manure, are useful. 



Canker Worms. These are slim caterpillars of different colours, having a looping 

 gait, and noted for defoliating apple and other fruit trees early in the season. The term 

 is an American one, but is sometimes used in this country, and applies to " looper 

 caterpillars." The canker worm (Anisopteryx pometaria) of America belongs to the 

 same genera as our Pale Brindled Beauty or March Moth, and the Canadian and 

 United States pomologists include all winter moth caterpillars in the general term canker 

 worms, because they cause the trees infested to have a rusty, cankerous appearance. 

 The preventive and remedial measures against them are the same, namely, banding 

 the trunks of the trees with paper on which is spread a mixture of printers' ink and 

 molasses, to prevent the wingless moths from ascending the trees to deposit eggs on the 

 twigs. The bands are put on in autumn and maintained through the winter, and for 

 destroying caterpillars the trees are sprayed with Paris-green. 



The caterpillars of the Brown- tail Moth (Liparis chrysorrhcea), Gipsy Moth (Liparis 

 dispar), and Gold-tail Moth (Liparis auriflua) attack apple trees, the last-named moth 

 being the most common. The eggs are laid on the branches and covered with hairs. 

 The caterpillars form a slender web, and as soon as the fruit trees show flowers or leaves 

 they commence feeding, retreating to the web at night and when rainy. When there 

 is no food on the first branch, they shift their quarters, and in a short time form a new 

 web on a fresh leafy branch. After their last moult the caterpillars disperse over the 

 VOL. ii, a 



