THE BIOLOGY OF HEALTH 155 



cially when the disease is fortuitous and not depend- 

 ent on oneself at all, like typhoid, for instance. But 

 this sort of thing will not be gain unless man also 

 forges ahead with improvements in surroundings, oc- 

 cupations, and ' habits,' removing the unwholesome 

 factors which more or less directly engender disease. 

 Biological progress must always be three-sided : — 

 organism, function, environment ; people, work, place ; 

 the creature itself, its doings, and its not-doings. 



Positive Health. — Talking is easier than acting, but 

 one may express what one at any rate sees clearly, that 

 the hopefulness of counteractive and curative meas- 

 ures will be greatly increased if it can be associated 

 with a positive raising of the standard of human health- 

 fulness. This is an obvious but fundamentally im- 

 portant idea, to which we shall return. Just as peace 

 is not merely the cessation of war, but a positive ideal, 

 so health is not merely the absence of disease, but a 

 positive ideal. It means a reaching forward towards 

 a life of greater fitness and fullness and freedom. 



Mind, on Body. — Where the metaphor of the engine 

 leads us farthest astray is that it leaves the mind out. 

 The ideal is a healthy body at the service of a healthy 

 mind. Let us take an illustration of the influence of 

 mind on body. 



The famous physiologist of Petrograd, Professor Ivan 

 Petron'ch Pavlov, was the first to demonstrate the 

 influence of the emotions on the health of the body. 

 Good circulation and good digestion make for cheer- 

 fulness, but the converse is also true. As was said 



