198 



Elementary Principles of Agriculture 



POINTS AND MEASUREMENTS TO BE OBSERVED IN JUDGING CATTLE 



1. Mouth. 33. 



2. Lips. 34. 



3. Nostrils. 



4. Muzzle. 35. 



5. Face, from muzzle to poll. 36. 



6. Forehead, from eyes to 37. 



poll. 38. 



7. Eye. 



8. Cheek, side of head below 39. 



9. Jaw. [eye. 40. 



10. Throat. 41. 



11. Brains. 



12. Ear. 



13. Poll, top of head. 



14. Horns. 42. 



15. Neck. 



16. Neck, lateral view. 



17. Breast or bosom, front of 43. 



chest. 44. 



18. Fore flank, rear of arm. 



19. Dewlap, loose skin, under- 



neath the throat. 45. 



20. Brisket, point of chest. 46. 



21. Withers, top of shoulders. 47. 



22. Shoulder point. 



23. Neck or collar depression in 48. 



24. Elbow. [front. 49. 



25. Chest cavity inclosing vital 



organs. 50. 



26. Arm, portion of leg between 51. 



shoulder and knee. 52. 



27. Knee. 53. 



28. Cannon or shank-bone, be- 54. 



tween knee and ankle in 55. 

 fore- or hind-leg. 56. 



29. Hoof. 57. 



30. Spinal column, backbone. 58. 



31 . Barrel or coupling, middle- 60. 



piece. 



32. Loin, muscle covering the 



short ribs. 



behind 



Hooks or hips. 



Crops, depression 

 shoulder. 



Fore-ribs. 



Girth at flank. 



Girth at heart. 



Chine, between withers and 

 loin. 



False or floating ribs. 



Belly. 



Milk-veins, branched and 

 tortuous ducts running 

 forward beneath the 

 barrel. 



Orifices through which the 

 milk veins enter the ab- 

 dominal walls. 



Midribs. 



Abdominal depth, indicat- 

 ing digestion and consti- 

 tution. 



Tail head. 



Pin bones. 



Escutcheon, covered with 

 fine hairs. 



Buttocks. 



Twist where hair turns on 

 thigh. 



Gaskin or lower thigh. 



Brush. 



Thigh. 



Stifle. 



Flank. 



Udder. 



Teats. 



Hock. 



Navel or umbilicus. 



Pelvic arch or sacrum, the 

 arch bone between the loin 

 and crupper. 



MEASUREMENTS. 



A. Width of forehead. 



B. Width of neck. 



C. Width of breast. 



D. Length from pin 



shoulder point. 



bones to 



E. Height at withers and hooks. 



F. Girth at flank and navel. 



G. Length of barrel depression. 

 H. Width of hooks. 



K. Length of hind-quarters. 



