Book V. 



PLANS AND MAPS OF ESTATES. 



487 



3103. In order to find the clear annual rent which a freehold ought to produce, so as to 

 allow the purchaser a given rate of interest for his money, we must " multiply the gross 

 sum paid for the same, by the given rate of interest, and then divide the product by 100; 

 the quotient of which will be the annual rent required :" thiis, if a person gives 5940^. 

 for a freehold estate, and he wishes to make 6j per cent, interest of his money, then 

 5940 multiplied by 6'5, will produce 38610*0, which, divided by 100, willquote 386*100, 

 or 386/. 2s. , for the clear annual rent required. Lastly, 



3104. The rate of interest allowed to the purchaser of a freehold, is much more readily 

 and more exactly ascertained than in the case of leases for terms, as we have nothing more 

 to do here than to " multiply the clear annual rent of the estate by 100, and then divide 

 the product by the sum paid for the estate ; the quotient will be the rate of interest re- 

 quired :" thus, if a person gives 2000/. for a freehold estate, of the clear rent of 85/. per 

 annum, then 85, multiplied by 100, will produce 8500, which, divided by 2000, will 

 quote 4*25, or 4^ per cent, for the rate of interest required. 



3105. The valuation of mines and minerals is not a matter of much difficulty when it 

 extends merely to quarries of stone, lime, chalk, gravel, or other bodies " open to the 

 day," or worked from the surface. If the qijantity is indefinite, then the annual income 

 afforded forms the ground-work ; if it is limited, then the joint consideration of the quan- 

 tity, and the probable time the current demand may take to exhaust it. The valuation 

 of metallic mines belongs to a distinct class of professors known as mineral surveyors, 

 and is a matter foreign to agriculture, which confines itself to the earth's surface, or at 

 least to the epidermis of its upper crust. 



SuBSECT. 6. Of the ^^fofessional Etiquette of Land Surveyors, Appraisers, and Valuators, 

 in making up their Plans and Beports. 



3106. For protracting rural objects various modes have been adopted by land-surveyors : 

 trees are sometimes shown by small crosses or cyphers, triangles or dots (fig. 423. a) ; by 



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an orbiculate line representing the extension of the branches or head, and a dot in the 

 place of the trunk (a and e) ; by the same, with the addition of a shadow, taken when the 

 sun is south or south-west, and his elevation exactly 45, by which the points of the com- 

 pass are readily ascertained throughout the plan, and the shape of the head, and the height 

 of the tree exhibited' (e) ; sometimes an elevation or profile of the tree is given, either 

 in foliage [f), or to show the form of the trunk and branches [g), or merely to give a 

 rude idea of a tree (c) . Hedge-rows, whether with or without trees, are either shown in 

 elevation or profile (Ji), or in vertical profile or bird's-eye view (i). They may be de- 

 lineated either in skeleton or foliage. Buildings may be shown either in general plan (Jc), 

 detailed plan (/), vertical profile of the roof (m), elevation (n), perspective view (o); or a 

 plan may be given ( j>), and a diagonal elevation (y) taken and placed opposite the plan 

 in the margin of the map. A pictorial surveyor, who understands perspective, and is 

 desirous of conveying a correct idea of the subject he is to measure and delineate, will 

 readily find expedients for attaining success. 



3107. In protracting elevations and depressions on jmper the simplest way is to introduce 

 sections, in dotted or otherwise distinguished lines, to prevent tlieir being mistaken for 

 surface-lines ; or in wavy surfaces, figures may be introduced, thus -^ or 4, to denote their 

 elevation above, or depression below, some piece of water, or other surface fixed on as a 

 medium. Some excellent observations on this subject will be found in Major Lehman's 

 Topographical Flan Drawing, as translated by Lieutenant Sibern, {oblong fol. Lond. 

 1822), which it is to be hoped will soon be appropriated in the popular books on land 

 surveying, and adopted in practice. 



3108. Where it is in contemplation to form canals, or other reservoirs or pieces of water, 

 the elevations and depressions or levels must be taken and recorded either by sections 

 or arithmetically with the greatest accuracy ; and, in some cases, sections may require 

 to be taken to show particular trees, buildings^, the depth of water, or other objects. 

 (fig. 424,) 



3109. With respect tO the elevations and hapes of hills and mountains they are only to 

 be measured correctly by the quadi'ant an(? theodolite, in the hands of regular land sur- 

 veyors. Their shape and dimensions are laid down in maps in the same manner as tliose 



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