490 SCIENCE OF AGRICULTURE. Part IL 



zontal lines, and lin^ converging to them from the centre of vision, some idea may be 

 had, on flat surfaces at least, of the relative heights and distances of objects. 



3116. A simple mode is to give a general view, or distant prospect of the estate, or its 

 principal parts (^5-. 429. )> as seen from some elevated conspicuous hill, building, or 

 object near it j or if the estate, as is frequently the case, is situated on the side of a 

 hill, or range of hills, a situation on the plain, or flat grounds opposite to it, will be 

 sufficient. 



429 



3117. In delineating maps the most durable mode in point of durability is on parch- 

 ment ; but where there is a chance of alterations being made on the estate, as in the 

 lines of roads, fences, streams, &c., it is better to delineate on paper, as the correspond- 

 ing alterations can be made on the map with greater ease. Such colors as are stains, 

 and do not wash out, are proper for maps and plans on parchment ; but where alterations 

 may require to be made, or M'here shadows or any thing like picturesque effect is to be 

 attempted, water colors alone must be used. To delineate estates and plans of every 

 kind in a beautiful and expressive manner, much depends on having the very best instru- 

 ments and colors, and in knowing how to use them. The sight of good models is also 

 an important matter, and for this we may refer to Horner's elegant work. The 

 Art of delineating Estates, 1813; and the very scientific work of Lehman, already 

 mentioned (p. 487.). 



3118. /ri the writing or printing on maps, great want of taste is often displayed. No 

 principle can be more obvious than that the name of a thing, or the ornaments of an 

 object, should not be made more conspicuous than the theory or object itself. Yet this 

 rule is constantly violated in plans of estates by the large ornamental writing or print 

 interspersed in and around them ; conspicuous blazonry of the name of the estate and 

 its owner at some corner, and of the compass and scale in others. All these adjuncts 

 should be kept in due subordination to the main delineation. 



3119. Models of every mountainous estates will be found preferable to any descrip- 

 tion of maps, or views, for giving a correct idea of them. Such models might be formed 

 in plaster of Paris, wax, or various other materials, and colored after nature. 



3120. Reference books are essential accompaniments to maps or models, and are of 

 various kinds. Sometimes they merely contain the names and contents of the fields or 

 other parts or divisions, with the state of culture or condition in which they are. In 

 other cases the soil and subsoil are described, but in the most complete cases each farm is 

 described, together with the history of its occupation or improvement under the following 

 or similar heads : Name, parish, extent, boundaries, when first enclosed, how let and 

 managed hitherto, to whom and for how much let at present, description of the far- 

 mery and house, contents, fences, trees, ponds, soil, subsoil, surface, expense, &c. of 

 each field; number of timber trees on the farm, copse woods, and various matters. 

 In addition to such a description as the above, some add in the reference book a separate 

 map of each farm, which renders the whole very comprehensive ; and as nothing can 

 be more interesting than the contemplation of a man's own property on all sides, and in 

 every possible bearing, these books are generally valued above all others by country 

 gentlemen. 



3121. The valuations of farming stock, tillage, and leases, being of temporary use, are 

 made out with little form. In most cases the value of particular articles is not given, 

 but only an enumeration of them, and the sum total. The valuators have the separate 

 values in their private memorandum books ; and in cases where two valuators are employed, 

 one on each side, if an umpire is obliged to be called in, in consequence of disagreement, 

 then the parties have reference to their notes. In some cases of valuations by two 

 parties, the umpire being appointed beforehand, accompanies the valuators, hears their 



