Book V. ORDER AND MANAGEMENT. 491 



discussion on each article as it comes under review, and decides any difference that may 

 occur as they go on. This is considered the best mode, and is that generally adopted in 

 the case of valuations made by order of the Court of Chancery. 



3122. In making up valuations for jmrchasing or selling estates, a report is generally 

 required to accompany the valuation, stating the ground on which it is made. Such a 

 report embraces a great variety of objects according to the nature and extent of the 

 property, and ought to be drawn up in a clear and systematic manner, with such a table 

 of contents and an index as may render it of easy reference. 



Sect. II. Operations of Order and Management, 



3123. The business of agriculture, whether in the management of extensive estates or 

 the culture of single farms, requires to be conducted in an orderly and systematic manner. 

 For this purpose a certain establishment of operators, a certain style of books of accounts, 

 and great attention in all commercial transactions, may be considered the fundamental 

 requisites. 



3124. The establishment of co-operators and servants, must depend on the extent of the 

 subject of management. An extensive landed estate, containing besides farming 

 lands, woods, quarries, mills, mines, waters, manorial rights, game, and villages, will 

 require a series of subordinate managers ; but in general a steward as a head manager, 

 a steward's clerk or assistant, or in some cases a local steward, are all the managers that 

 are requisite ; the subordinate care of quarries, woods, game, &c. being performed by 

 a quarryman, forester, gamekeeper, or by common servants of tried fidelity. 



3125. The gradation of operators required on farms, Ae^Qndi& ou their size. When- 

 ever the master does not labor himself, a foreman or operator having some charge is 

 requisite, and in very extensive cases where there is a considerable extent of grazing 

 ground as well as tillage lands, a head ploughman and a head herdsman will be found 

 advantageous. There should also be a confidential laborer, or headman of all work, to 

 superintend and accompany women and children in their operations, as in hoeing, weed- 

 ing, planting potatoes, &c. The grand point to be aimed at by the steward of an exten- 

 sive estate, and the occupier of a large farm, is to hit on the proper number of sub- 

 managers ; and to assign each his distinct province, so as the one may never interfere 

 with the other. Having attained this, the next thing is to keep the whole machine in 

 regular action, to keep every man, from the lowest operator to the highest, strictly to his 

 duty. All operators ought to be adequately remunerated, and it is better in general to 

 pay a liberal price and require vigilant, skilful, and active exertion, than to cheapen 

 labor, and so encourage indolence and bad execution. For the lower class of laborers, 

 especially such as are hired by the year, it will often be necessary to attend as well to the 

 food they eat, as to their constancy at work. In the case of farm servants, for example, 

 it will generally be found preferable to board and lodge single men, than to substitute a 

 sum of money, which they will in many cases either save or spend, otherwise, than so as to 

 strengthen their bodies. Where labor is done by the job, all that is requisite is to see 

 that it is done well, and^according to agreement ; and this, as we have already observed, 

 is the best mode wherever it can be adopted. 



3126. Orderly conduct in the lower classes of workmen, is a point to which we would 

 wish particularly to direct the attention of the bailiff and farmer. Regularity in their 

 hours, neatness and cleanness in their dress ; punctuality in cleaning and putting away 

 in the proper places their implements of labor or harness ; humanity to working, and 

 other animals ; decency in general deportment and conversation, and ambition to 

 excel in their particular department. Neatness and order, whether on an estate, a farm, 

 a stable, a dwelling-house, or in a man's dress and manner, forms an index to every 

 thing else. Estates and farms where these qualities prevail, are always well-managed 

 and cultivated ; a neat and clean stable is a sure sign of well-conditioned horses, and of 

 economical feeding ; a dwelling-house, with neatness around and within, is an index of 

 comfort and peace ; and a decently dressed and well behaved man or woman, are sure 

 to be approved, whatever may be their station. 



3127. The necessity of order and neatness we are most anxious to impress on the 

 minds of all descriptions of masters and managers. Order, it has been well observed, is 

 "Heaven's first law." It is, indeed, the end of all law: without it, nothing worth 

 having is to be attained in life, even by the most fertile in resources ; and with it much 

 may be accomplished with very slender means. A mind incapable of an orderly and 

 regular disposition of its ideas or intentions, will display a man confused and disorderly 

 in his actions ; he will begin them without a specific object in view ; continue them at 

 random, or from habit, without knowing well why, till, some accident or discordant 

 result puts an end to his present progress, unman's him for life, or awakens reflection. 

 But a well-ordered mind reflects, arranges, and systematizes ideas before attempting to 

 realize them, weighs well the end in view, considers the fitness of the means for attaining 

 that end, and the best mode of employing these means. To every man who has the 



