976 PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURE. Part III. 



should be carefully closed with slicking plaster or other adhesive matter. It is necessary to observe, that 

 this operation is so safe, that whenever a medical assistant cannot be obtained, no person should hesitate 

 a moment about doing it himself. After relief ha been afforded by means of either the probang or the 

 paunching, a stimulant drink may yet be very properly given, such as half a pint of common gin ; or one ounce 

 of spirit of hartshorn in a pint of ale, or two ounces of spirit of turpentine in ale, may any of them be 

 used as an assistant stimulus. When also the cud is again chewed, still some relaxation of the digestive 

 organs may remain ; at first, therefore, feed sparingly, and give, for a few mornings, a tonic. (5882. No. 1.) 



6260. Infiammation of the bowels, or red colic, is by no means unknown in cattle pathology ; the 

 symptoms of which do not differ from those common to the horse, and the treatment also is in every 

 respect the same. (5797.) 



6261. Inflammation of the liver, or hot yellows, sometimes occurs, in which case, in addition to the 

 symptoms detailed under hepatitis in the horse (5810.), there is, from the presence of systic bile in the o.\, 

 a more determined yellowness of the eyelids, mouth, and nostrils ; the treatment must be similar. (5810.) 



6262. Inflammation of the kidnies, called red water by the cow-leeches, is not uncommon among cattle, 

 and is, perhaps, dependent on the lobulated form of these parts in them. The animal, to the other symp. 

 toms of fever, adds stifFness behind, and often straddles, but always shrinks on being pinched across the 

 loins, where frequently increased heat is felt ; the urine is sometimes scanty, and now and then increased 

 in quantity, but it is always first red, then purple, and afterwards brown or black, when a fatal termina- 

 tion may be pregJiosticated. The treatment has been fully detailed under nephritis, in the horse patho- 

 logy (5812.), and which consists in plentiful bleedings, &c., but carefully abstaining from the use of 

 diuretics, as advised by ignorant cow-leeches. 



6263. The black water is only the aggravated and latter stages of the above. 



6264. Inflammation of the bladder also now and then occurs, and in no wise differs from the cystitis of 

 the horse in consequences and treatment. (5814.) 



6265. The colics of cattle arise from different causes: they are subject to a spasmodic colic, not unlike 

 that of horses, and which is removed by the same means. (5805.) Costiveness also brings on a colic in 

 them, called clue bound, fardel boutid,,&c. which often ends in the red colic, unless early removed; 

 the treatment of this we have fully detailed. (5807.) Another colic is accompanied with relaxation of 

 bowels. 



6266. Diarrhoea, scouring, or scouring cow, is common in cattle, and is brought on by exposure to rain, 

 improper change of food, over-driving, and other violences. It is essentially necessary that the animals be 

 taken under cover, kept warm, and dry, and have nutritious food allowed them. The medical treatment 

 >has been detailed. (5804.) 



6267. Dysentery, or braxy, bloody ray, and slimy flax, differs from simple scouring, in a greater degree 

 of fever attending it, and in its being an inflammation of a particular kind, and part of the intestines. It 

 is frequently dependent on la vitiated putrid state of the bile, brought on by over-driving in hot weather, 

 low damp pastures in autumn, &c. The discharge is characterised by its bad smell, and by the 

 mucous stringy patches in it, and also by its heat and smoking when voided : all which are very different 

 from the mere discharge of the aliments in a state of solution in diarrhoea, and which differences should 

 be carefully marked, to distinguish the one from the other : treat a.% under dysentery in the horse. (5801.) 



6268. Yellows. When active fever is not present, and yet cattle are very dull, with great yellowness of 

 yelids, nostrils, &c., it arises from some biliary obstruction, to which oxen and cows are more liable than 

 horses, from their being furnished with a gall bladder ; it is a more common complaint in some of the 

 cold provinces on the continent, where they are housed and stall fed all the year round, than it is in 

 England. The frra/'wifnfis the same as detailed for chronic inflammation of the liver in horses, (5811.) 

 adding in every instance to it, a change of pasturage, and if convenient, into salt marshes, which will alone 

 often effect a cure. 



6269. Loss of the cud. This enters the list of most cow-leeches' diseases, but is less a disease than a 

 symptom of some other affection ; indeed it is evident that any attack sufficient to destroy the appetite, 

 will generally occasion the loss of the cud. It is possible, however, that an occasional local affection, or 

 paralysis of the paunch may occur, particularly when it is distended with unhealthy substances, as acorns, 

 crabs, the tops of some of the woody shrubs, &c. The treatment, in such cases, consists in stimulating 

 the stomach by tonics, as aloes, pepper, and gin mixed : though these, as liquids, may not enter the 

 stomach in common cases, yet in this disease or impaired action of the rumen, they will readily enter there. 



6270. Staggers, daisey, or turning, are sometimes the consequences of over-feeding, particularly when 

 from low keeping cattle are suddenly moved to better pasturage. Treat with bleeding and purging. 



6271. Tetanus, or locked jaw, now and then attacks cattle, in which case it presents the same appearances 

 and requires the same treatment as in horses. (5763.) 



6272. Cattle surgery is in no respect different from that in practice among horses, the wounds are treated 

 in the same manner. Goring with the horns will sometimes penetrate the cavity of the belly, and let out 

 the intestines : the treatment of which is the same as in the horse. (5808.) Strains, bruises, &c. are also 

 to be treated like those of horses. 



6273. Foul in the foot. This occasionally comes on of itself, but is more often the effect of accident : 

 cleanse it well, and keep it from dirt : apply the foot paste. (5918.) 



6274. Wornals, or puckeridge, are tumors on the backs of cattle, occasioned by a dipterous insect which 

 punctures their skin, and deposits its eggs in each puncture, but which is erroneously attributed to the 

 fearn owl or goat-sucker {Caprimulgus europeus, L.). When the eggs are hatched, and the larvje or 

 maggots are arrived at their full size, they make their way out, and leave a large hole in the hide, to 

 prevent which the destruction of the egg should be attempted by nipping the tumor, or thrusting in a 

 hot wire. 



6275. Cattle obstetrics are not very varied ; young cows of very full habits have sometimes a superabun- 

 dant secretion of milk before calving, which produces fever and heat ; sometimes, from cold taken ; the 

 same will occur after calving also : in either case, give mild dry food, or hay, bathe the udder also with 

 vinegar and water : in some cases, warm fomentations do best. If the fever run high, treat as under 

 fever in horse pathology. 



6276. The process of calving is usually performed'without'difficulty ; sometimes, however, cross presenta- 

 tions take place, and sometimes a constriction of parts prevents the natural passage of the calf To act 

 properly on these occasions, great patience is required, and much mildness : many cows have been lost by 

 brutal pulling ; we have seen all the men and boys of the farm mustered to pull at a rope artixed about a 

 calf, partly protruded, which, when it was thus brought away, was forced to be killed, and the mother 

 soon died also from the protrusion of parts this brutal force brought with the calf A steady moderate pull, 

 during the throes of the animal, will assist much ; having first directed the attention to the situation of 

 the calf, that the presentation is such as not to obstruct its progress ; if it does, the calf must be forced 

 back, and turned or placed aright. 



6277. Whethering, or retention of the after-birth or burden. It sometimes happens that this is retained ; 

 for which no better remedy has been hitherto discovered than warm clothing and drenching with ale, 

 administered as a forcer. 



6278. The diseases of calves are 'principally confined to a species of convulsions which now and then 

 attacks them, and which sometimes arises from worms, and at others from cold. When the first cause 

 operates, it is then relieved by giving a mild aloetic purge, or in default of that, a mild dose of oil of tur- 

 pentine, as half an ounce, night and morning. In the second, wrap up the animal warm, and drench with 

 ale and laudanum a drachm. Calves are also very subject to diarrhoea or scouring, which will readily yield 

 to the usual medicines. (5883.). 



