Book I. 



AGRICULTURE OF DERBYSHIRE. 



1111 



by the many idle saints' days which the church of Rome im- 

 posetl on the i>eople at the earlier periods. 

 14. Political Economy. 



^'arious concave roads formerly, made through the influ- 

 ence of Joseph Wilks.Ksqr., of Measham ; these In a very in- 

 different state, and illustrate the absurdity of the principles on 

 which they are constructed. To level across a road a string 

 level used. It consisted of a piece of box wood eleven inches 

 long, one and a half broad, and one and a quarter deep, into 

 the top of which a spirit-level tube was deeply sunk, and to the 

 top, at each end of this level, several yards of strong whipcord 

 was fastened. In using this instrument, a laborer was placed 

 on each side of the road, having the cord in his hand, which 

 they nulled very tightly and steadily against each other, and 

 thereby made the bubble assume the middle of the tube 

 either end, according as the two ends of the string were held 

 level or one higher than the other. 



Some remains of wavy roads (3305.), but nothing to justify 

 any deviation from the general form of slightly convex roads, 

 with straight or even surfaces as to length. The road between 

 lUpley and Little Eaton, where washing or irrigation has been 

 adopted as a mode of clearing (Cmn. B. Ag. vol. i.), was 

 " miserably deep, loose, and bad." 



In Manufactures Derbyshire ranks next to Lancashire, StJtf- 

 fordshire, and Warwickshire. 

 ! Trades, ^-c. depending on'Jhe Animal Products of the county, 



IJlanket-weaving, and scouring. 



Bone-crushing mills. 



IJutter. 



Button-moulds, of horn and bone. - 



Candle making, of tallow. 



Carpet-weaving. 



Cheese. 



Curriers or leather-dressera. 



Fellmongers. 



i'-uUing mills, 



(Jlue makers. 



Leather mills for oiled, and shammy leather. 



Meat, beef, lamb, mutton, pork, veal. 



Shoe factory. 



Skinners, or leather-dressers, shammy, &c. 



Soap makers. 



Stockings, of worsted. 



Tan yards. 



Woollen cloth factories, yarn spinning, weaving, and cloth 

 dressing. 



Worsted spinning, for the hosiers, by hand and jennies. 



2. Trades, &:c. depending on Animal Substances, imported. 

 Hat making and unsplit straw hats. 

 Silk-spinning mills- 

 Silk stocking weaving. 



3. Trades, <5i-c. depending on Vegetable Productions of (lie county. 

 Basket and wicket making. 



Besom or broom do. 

 Boat or barge building, for the canals. 

 Breweries. 

 Chamomile flowers. 

 Charcoal burning and grinding. 

 Charcoal mills, for grinding it. 

 Com, barley, beans, oats, pease, wheat. 

 Hnops for casks, of wood. 

 Malt makers. 



Mattresses, chair-bottoms, &c. of straw. 

 Millers, flour or meal makers. 

 Sieves, or riddles for com. 

 Shelling, or oat-meal mills. 

 Timber. 



Tuming mills, for wood, bobbins, bowls, cheese-vats, dishes, 

 tool-handles. 



4. Trades, S^c. depending on Vegetable Substances, imported. 

 Bleaching-houses, and grounds. 



Calico-printing. 



Calico-weaving. 



Cambric.weaving. 



Candle wick, bumji or bomp-spinning mills. 1 



Cotton-spinning iruUs. 



Dye-houses. 



Flax-spinning mills, linen-yam mills. 



Fustian- weaving, thicksets. 



Hop-bag spinning and weaving, wool-bags, &c. 



Lace-weaving, or warp frame-lace making. ^ ' 



Lace -working, or needleworking of frame lace. 



Linen. weaving, sheeting, checks, &c. 



Muslin- weaving. 



Night-caps, of cotton frame knitting. 



Pack-thread spinning, string, twine. 



Paper-making. '' 



Rope-making, cords, halters. 



Sacking-weaving, com-bags. 



Sail-cloth weaving. 



Stocking. weaving ; principally of cotton, some of worstetl 



frame-knit. 

 Tape-weaving mills. 

 Thread-spinning. 

 Whipcord-spinning. 



5. Trades, iSrc. depending on Mineral Products of the county. 

 Bakestone making. 



Boiler-making, of wrought-iron, for steam engines. 

 Brick-making, building, draining, fire, paving. 

 Building-stone, or free-stone, ashler, caping, eaves-slates, 



gable-stones, paving, ridging, grey slates, or tUestones and 



stack-posts. 

 Cannon-balls, or shot and shells. 

 Cannon-casting and boring. 

 Chain-making, iron and cast iron. 

 China-stone, or white potter's chest pits. 

 <;istems and troughs of stone, to hold water. /_ 



Clay pits, brick, china, (ire, pipe, pottery, and tile. 

 Coal-pits. 

 Coke-buming. 



Copperas-stone, brasses or pvrites pits. 

 Vr^ingjiansofiron. 



<Trind-mils, blade mills, grindstone mills. 

 <irmd.stones. 



.<;yi>sum, alabaster, plaster. 



Hanuner mills, forge, tilt, planishing iniU.. i 



Hoyps tor casks, of iron. 



Iron forges and furnaces. 



Ironstone pits, argillaceous ore. 



I>ead mines, or veins of lead ore. 



Lead smelting cupolas, and slag-mills. 



Lime kilns. 



Limestone quarries. 



Malt kiln plates, of perforated cast iron. 



Marble quarries. 



Marble sawing and polishing mills. 



Marie pits, for manuring. 



Mill-stone quarries. 



Nail-making, of cast iron. 



clasp (or carpenter's), and spikes, &c.. 



horse shoe. 



shoe-makers. 



Ore dressing, washing, huddling. 



Patten rings, or clog irons. 



Pipe-making, tobacco pipes. 



Pipes, of earthenware, hollow bricks, for conveying water. 



of lead, drawn. 



of zinc. 



Plaster of Paris works, gypsum. 



Potteries, earthenware, stoneware. 



Pol- stones, pye or lump stones fot the iron forges. 



Puncheons, stauncheons or props, for the coal pits. 



Red lead works, minium. 



Rivets, of iron, softened, for coopers, boiler-making. 



Rolling and slitting mills, for iron bars, plate iron, njUI rods. 



Rotten stone, or polisliing earth. 



Sand-pits, casting or founders', house-floor, mason's mor- 

 tar, scouring, and scythe-stick sand. 



Saw mills, for stone and wood, also with circular saws. 



Screws, carpenters', for wood. 



Scythe-sticks and stones for sharpening scythes, hay knives. 



Sheet-lead, milled-lead, rolled-lead. Common sheet-lead is 

 cast by Hiost of the plumbers and glaziers of the county. 



Shot, leaden. 



Slitting mills. 



Spar-workers, petrifaction-workers, gypsum, calcspar, fluor. 



Sulphur- works, annexed to the principal smelting nouses. 



Tenter-hooks, of cast iron, softened. 



TUe kilns, draining, gutter, hip, pan, plane and ridge. 



Tire for carriage wheels. 



Whetstones, rubbers, hones. 



AVhite-lead works. 



Wire-drawing, steel. 



Wire-working, sates, sieves, screens. 



Zinc mines, blend and calamine. 



work, malleable plates, wire pipes, &c. 



6. Trades, S^c. dependhig principally on mineral substances, im- 

 ported. 



Axes, hatchets, bills, adzes. 



Brass foundry. 



Bridle-bits and buckles. 



China factories. 



Chisels, gouges, plane-irons', jmd other edge tools. 



Clock and watch making. 



Color-grinding mills, paint. 



Cotton machinery makers, for the cotton-spinning mills. 



Cutlery, knives, forks, &c. 



File-making, reisps. 



Flint grinding mills, for pottery glazing. 



Frame smiths, stocking loom makers. 



Glass-making. 



Gunpowder making. 



Hoes, (garden, turnip,) paring shovels, trowels, &c. . 



Implement-makers, agncultural tools. 



Malt mills, steel mills. 



Mangles, for linen clothes. 



Mechanists, machine, tool and engine makers. 



Millwrights. 



Needle-making. 



Reaping-hooks, smooth-edged. 



Scissars,of cast iron, cemented to steel. 



Scythe-smiths. 



Sickles, toothed reaping tools. 



Snuffers. 



Soda water makers. 



Spades, shovels. 



Spurs, of steel. 



Stirrup-irons of cast iron, cemented. 



Tin-plate workers, tin-men. 



Washing machines for clothes. 



Worsted-machinery maker, for the worsted spinning-mills. 



Notwithstanding that many of the manufactures and pro 

 ductions above-mentioned, are separately of small importance, 

 and may contribute little or nothing towards an export trade 

 from the county ; yet, taken in the aggregate, they must be 

 admitted to present a most flattering picture of the varied and 

 great manufacturing industry of the county; showing it to 

 contribute far l)eyond most other counties, towards the supply 

 of all its own wants, and contributing at the same time, in no 

 small depee, towards the supply and general trade of the king- 

 dom at large. 



Education, 



-\mong the labouring classes, the reporter observes, is better 

 attended to than in most of the adjoming counties. He ap- 

 proves of the great attention paid to bringing up children m 

 habits of frugality and industry ; and contemplates, as " the 

 great and desirable end, their complete emancipation from 

 the moral slavery of poor law dependence, and its attended 

 vices and misery." There are some persons, no doubt, who 

 may not approve of all that Mr. Farey ha.s advanced on this 

 subject ; for where is the writer that can please every reader ? 

 but there are none, we hope, who would not l>e gratified with 

 his sincere and ardent desire for the more general and imi- 

 versal happiness of the British poor. Though we are of opinion 

 that very little amelioration of that division of society which 

 constitutes the agricultural or laboring class can be effected 

 without an alteration in the laws; yet, we are equally con- 

 vinced, that no great alteration of what are called the poor 

 laws would be advisable, till the poor are prepared for it, by 

 having imbibed such a degree of knowledge as would enable 

 them to meet the conseijuences with tul vantage, or at least 

 without an increase of misery. 



We agree with the reporter, that the case is .somewhat 

 diflereut with the operative manufacturers, auU mechanics 



B4 



