KALENDARIAL INDEX. 



1195 



4. Live Stock. (5546.) 



' There is generally abunJance of fat cattle and sheep In the 

 market during this and next month. Ltan stock, esi>eciallv 

 crones and wedders, are now broucht in, and wintered or feA 

 ort" on turnips. Wintering cattle (6177.) also about the end of 

 the month. Poultry and pigs are now fat, and honey may be 

 taken from bee-hives. 



5. Grass Lands. (5086.) 



As in August. Newly sown grass lands should now be 

 sparingly fedi in order to strengthen the plants for the winter. 



6. Arable Lands. (4548.) 



This is 'the chief season for sowing winrter wheat, whether on 

 naked fallows or after clover, tares, rape, or early crops of pease 

 and beans. Potatoes are generally not taken up till the end 

 of the month, in which case the sowing after that crop is later. 

 . (4613.) t)ow tares to stand the winter (4795.), and grass seeds 



f next season will succeed 

 He of the month. (4995.) 



3280.), and Drains. 



for permanent pasture, or a hay ci 

 on good soils, if sown before the mi 



7. Fences (2767.), Roads 

 (3909.) 



Routine operations of mending, &c. as before. 



8. Orchards {3110.) and Hop-grounds. {53^:iZ.) 

 Gather /rHi/ for immediate sale, the keeping sorts not being 



yet ripe. (3776.) Walnuts for pickling not later than the first 

 week. (3789.) 



Hop-jnckin^ and dryinfi, in the districts where this plant is 

 much cultivated, Ls the great business of the month. (5425.) 



9. Wood Lands and Plantations. (3627.) 



tine operations as in the 

 evergreens during the 

 trees the last ten days. (3655.) 



Routine operations as in the two or three preceding months, 

 plant evergreens during the three last weeks, and deciduous 



OCTOBER. 



1. Kalendar of Animated Nature round London. 

 In the firtt week, the red-wing {turdiu iliaau) arrives. 



Snakes and vipers bury themselves. 



Second meek: hooded crows (corvus comix) and wood- 

 pigeons {columba palumbua) arrive ; hen-chaffinches {fringUla 

 Calebs) congregate, and prepare for migration, leaving their 

 males in this country. 



Third meek : the smpe (icolopax ^allinago) appears in the 

 meadows. Wild-geese i,anas sytvestns) leave the tens, and go 

 to the rye-lands. 



Fourth meek : the tortoise (testudo /rrxca) begins to bury him- 

 self in the ground ; and rooks visit their nest-trees. Some 

 laurks (aUiuda) sing, and the woodcock {scohpax rusticda) re- 

 turns. Spiders' webs aboimd. 



2. Kalendar of Vegetable Nature round London. 



In the first meek : strawberry-tree {arbutus unedo), holly (Jlex 

 aquifolium), Ohina hollyhock {alcea chineiisU), and Chma aster 

 (aster chinensU), in bloom. 



Second meek : catkins of some species of salix formed ; leaves 

 of the asp almost eill off'; of the Spanish chestaut, yellow ; of 

 the sugar-maple {acer saccharinuvi) scarlet ; of the common 

 birch, yellow and gold ; and of the weeping-birch, gold and 

 bright-red colored. 



Third meek : clematis calycina in flower. Some horse chest- 

 nuts and acacias quite denuded of leaves. , 



Fourth meek: various plants, especially^ annuals, continue 

 in flower. Leaves of marsh-elder {sambucut ebulus), of a tine 

 pink ; of stag's- horn sumach, of a purplish-red ; of the 

 American oaks, of line shades of yellow, orange, red, and 

 purple. 



3. Farm-yard. (2740.) 



This is the season of rural plenty, affording an opportunity, 

 both to men and animals, for laying in a large stock of health, 

 to enable them to supiwrt the severity of the coming winter. 

 Operatives should now buy in their winter stores of potatoes, 

 fuel, fic. and ridge up their garden ground, not^under crop, for 

 the winter. 



I {Com crops being generally in the rick-yard by Michaelmas, 

 and the root and herbage crops not taken' being at or near ma- 

 turity, the first of October is the most suitable season for a 

 farmer to take stock and ascertain his annual profit or lo.ss. 

 Michaelmas being also the most general term of entry and 

 removal, especially in the case of arable farms, is another 

 reason why agricultural accounts are conveniently made up to 

 this period. (4509.) Examine your household accounts, and if 

 your expenses have exceeded your income, or even come up to 

 it, look over the particulars with vour wife or hou.sekeej)er, and 

 see on which you can retrench. This is an essential process for 

 all who would proceed in life with any thing like peace of 

 mind, or the permanent respect of their neighbors. (4545.) 

 Remember that very small indeed is the net mcome of a rent- 

 paying agriculturist. 



Michaelmas is also the general term for hiring farm servants 

 l)y the year; but the seldomer agricultural operatives are 

 changed the better, unless in the case of senseless, indolent, 

 or viciously inclined persons, who degenerate unless frequently 

 removed. 



4. Live Stock. (5546.) 



Cattle and sheep not sufficiently fatted on grass or herbage 

 whether by pasturage or soiling, should now be put on other 

 food, to complete them for the butcher. Oil-cake, grains, tur- 

 nips, carrots, or, in default of these, bruisetl com may be used. 

 The same observations may be applied to hogs, which are ge- 

 nerally in good condition at this season. (6570.) 



good season for the ope- 



Hog porridge. A mixture of oatmeal and water, or any 

 other meal and water, left till it becomes sour, as practised by 

 the millers in the northern counties, will feed Ihogs rapidly ; 

 but milk and pease meal make the finest pork in the world. 



The teams which have been soiled during .summer, may now 

 be put on hay, straw, and carrots, or other roots, by degrees. 



5. Grass Lands. (5086.) 

 Where these are manured, this is : 



ration (5208.) ; choose dry weather. 



6. Arable Land. (4548.) 



Potatoes (4825.), carrots (4926.), field beet (4962.), parsneps 

 (4961.), and Swedish turnips, may now be taken tip and 

 housed, and the ground sown with wheat. ThLs grain (4599.), 

 rye (4650.), barley (4659.), in some situations, and tares (4795.) 

 may still be sown in the milder districts. Embrace every op 

 portumty to give the first furrow to fallows (4568.), whether 

 for green crops or otherwise. In general all lands that are to 

 have two or more furrows before they are sown or planted, 

 should be ploughed as soon as possible after harvest ; but not 

 so lands that are to be sown on one furrow, which are better 

 ploughed in January and February. It is a great mistake to 

 suppose that ploughing land in autumn destroys the eggs or 

 larva; of insects (6916.), or the seeds of weeds; on the con- 

 trary, it may often, by givmg them a deeper covering, preserve 

 them better from the winter's frost, or, what is much more de- 

 structive, from being devoured by birds. There are few sub- 

 jects less generally understood than the economy of nature in 

 'regard to the eggs of insects and worms. (Turn to 6863. and 

 6921.) See that water furrows and drains run freely, and that 

 fences and gates are m repair. 



7. Fences (2767.), Boads (3280.), and Drains. 

 (3909.) 



Hedges may now be advantageously planted (2785.), grown 

 ones pruned (2790.), old ones j)lashed (2796.), and imperfect 

 ones repaired. (2800.) The Northumberland practice as to 

 hedges (7024.) well deserves the study of the more southern 

 agriculturist. Roads and drains may be made or rejiaired at 

 this season, and in spring, with better effect than during thj 

 heat and drought of summer. Road materials now bind 

 better, and land-springs show themselves more distinctly. 



8. Orchards (3770.) and Hop-grounds. (5393.) 

 The winter fmits may now be gathered, and either spread in 



an airy loft or upper floor, there to remain till used, or sweated 

 in heaps, to extract a part of their moisture, and then burieil 

 in dry sand, or packetl in close boxes or casks, to be kej)t in a 

 cool and dry cellar. (1797. and fiiicyc. of Gardening', 2289.) 



Fruit trees of every kmd may now be planted (3793.) and 

 pruned. (3798.) 



Hop-picking is generally completed the first week of the 

 month ; and as soon afterwards as convenient, the vine and 

 poles removed, and the latter stacked till next spring. (5432.) 

 Voung hop plantations may be formed (5398.), and the soil 

 among establi-shed grounds manured and ploughed. (5411.) 



9. Wood Lands and Plantations. (3627.) 



Hedges and plantation* of evergreen trees may l>e made durin;; 

 the first week of the month ; and no periiJd of tlie year is 

 better for transplanting all kinds of hardy shrubs. 



Timber ami coppice may be felled, and in general every ope- 

 ration preparatory to planting, as well as the oiieration itself, 

 may go forward. 



NOVEMBER. 



