EXPLANATION OF "SCIENCES IN GENERAL" 

 END-PAPER 



(A) — Lowest on the left, the field of pure Mathematics, is marked by 

 axes in three dimensions. 



The space or step above this, towards the right, indicates the field of the 

 Physical Sciences, symbolised by the Balance. 



In the next space {above to right) the field of Biology, indicated by the 

 Scarabcsus. 



A nd in the last space [above to right) the field of Sociology — indicated 

 by the Book; and marked "T" and "S" for its "Temporal and Spiritual" 

 elements, more or less conspicuous in each and every form of Social Life, 

 and in its Heritage {and Burden). 



{B) — Descending in reverse order, note, behind the Book, for Sociology, 

 Moses' Tables of Commandments, as old symbol for Ethics. Beyond the 

 Scarab of Biology spreads the Butterfly (Psyche) of Psychology . Above 

 the Balance for Physical Science, the Rainbow (Iris) of Esthetics: and 

 around the Mathematical Axes the swirl of Logic, as most universal of 

 all sciences. This descending series of subjective sciences is in Plato's 

 order; of "Good, True, and Beautiful"; and is thus complemental to the 

 previous ascending series — that from A ristotle to Bacon, Comte to Spencer, 

 and modern scientific workers generally, 



(C) — Again in ascending order, note that each main science, shown on 

 its step, is preliminary to the succeeding one — and also extends on its 

 own level below it. Thus Mathematics primarily subserves the Physical 

 Sciences; yet also Biology, as Biometrics; and Social Science, as Statistics. 

 The Physical Sciences similarly underlie Biology {as Bio-Mechanics, 

 Bio-Physics, and Bio-Chemistry); and even the Social Sciences also, since 

 all in physical environments. Biology underlies Social Science; since the 

 Social life of Region and State, City and Citizen, are all biologically con- 

 ditioned {as by Physiology and Hygiene, with Heredity, Eugenics, etc.). 



Yet each succeeding science retains its own distinctiveness — as fresh 

 "Emergence" . Hence with the clear foundation of Sociology, on "the 

 preliminary sciences", their respective underlying contributions were 

 defined as so many "legitimate Materialisms". Only when the needed 

 preliminary contribution — to each main field or fields above — is mistakenly 

 assumed sufficient to supersede it or them {as too often by their most 

 active cultivators, and thus their readers) do "illegitimate Materialisms" 

 arise. Bio- Physicists and Bio-Chemists for Biology, and Hygienists and 

 Eugenists for Sociology, are alike often liable to such errors. 



{D) — The interrogation-marks in the six spaces otherwise vacant {to the 

 left of the diagonally ascending stair of the main sciences) indicate the 

 fields for inquiry into the suggestive contributions of each higher science 

 to its so far "preliminary sciences". Hence then for the evocations from 

 Social Life and Science to Biology and Psychology. Biology has similarly 

 aided Physical Science; and Psychology Esthetics; and similarly Physical 

 problems evoke Mathematical methods, and even advance Logic. 



Such inquiries {see Appendix II) have been termed "legitimate tran- 

 scendentalisms" — and are to be distinguished from "illegitimate" ones; — 

 as of some philosophers, with inadequate knowledge of the sciences, and 

 sometimes by their specialists as well. Thus each and every one of the 

 sixteen fields of this Graphic needs and rewards full investigation, alike 

 for its own sake, and for its services to others. The Unity of Science has 

 thus to be realised. 



