82 SOCIAL EVOLUTION 



been difficult to chip a flint pebble along both faces till 

 it took on a more or less symmetrical shape. 



The Upper Paleolithic period is marked off partially 

 by the fact that the flint implements are chipped on one 

 side only. Furthermore, there is the gradual introduc- 

 tion of bone in the making of implements and the ap- 

 pearance of the first beginnings of art. The men of this 

 period lived in caves and along the valley bottoms, for 

 we find the remains of prehistoric man in the valley 

 deposits and in caverns and rock-shelters. Four epochs 

 are recognized, Mousterian, Aurignacian, Solutrean, and 

 Magdalenian. 36 The Neanderthal man, short, powerful, 

 and active, developed the industry of the Aurignacian 

 epoch in the direction of improved flint implements and 

 even attempted some engraving, sculpture, and paint- 

 ing. 37 The Solutrean stone industry was highly devel- 

 oped and exemplified much skill in the art of chipping. 

 The arrow point was shaped like a willow leaf with an 

 improvement over some earlier forms by the introduc- 

 tion of a lateral notch at the base. 38 This art of stone 

 chipping perfected in the Solutrean, does not seem to 

 have been as important in the Magdalenian epoch. 39 The 

 industrial life of this epoch is characterized by the use 

 of bone, ivory, and reindeer horn in the making of barbed 

 harpoons and spears. These bone implements are often 

 engraved and carved to represent animals of prey. 40 This 

 somewhat rude art reached a high state of development 

 in the Magdalenian epoch. 



In addition to these remains of the cave man we have 

 others even more interesting: remains which go far to 

 tell us of his trained powers of observation and skill of 



so See figure 31. 38 See figure 33. 40 See figure 35, 



37 See figure 32. 39 See figure 34. 



