TRANSITION FROM TRIBAL SOCIETY 295 



Science and Philosophy, of all higher arts of life and 

 refinements of living which have enriched primitive cul- 

 tures and converted them into civilizations. 



We have indicated another factor as bound up with the 

 creation of a surplus. This was the establishment of a 

 market and trade routes. Probably no other single force 

 in human history has been more important in bringing 

 about the complete transition from tribal to civil society 

 than the growth of commerce. If there was opportunity 

 for commerce the creation of a surplus was favored, since 

 the trading of an excess in the home produce for some 

 new want stimulated the further production of surplus 

 to more fully satisfy that want. In time, new industries 

 originated, and these in turn, were worked for the surplus 

 product which could be exchanged for still newer wants. 

 The resulting diversification of wants was educational 

 for the people and tended to lay the basis for a rich and 

 self-sustaining economy which becomes the foundation 

 of a great civilization. Corresponding to the exchange 

 in wares and articles of commerce, there was a communi- 

 cation of new ideas and transmission of intelligence that 

 could not fail to react profoundly upon the developing 

 culture of the people. The commercial people become 

 tolerant of customs other than their own and learn famil- 

 iarity with strange and remote localities. All this variety 

 of experience broadens their point of view and gives a 

 ripeness and maturity to their culture which no other in- 

 fluence can bring. 



Thus, in the transition from tribal to civil society there 

 occur important modifications in the social structure, 

 making it more elastic and broadening its scope and 

 power of adaptation. Men begin to recognize, through 

 force of adverse or favorable circumstances, that the local 



