RASPBERRIES TRAINING ESPALIER. 213 



attain about half the vigour they would have done had the remainder of the suckers 

 been removed early in the season. 



4. Bending the fruiting canes over from the roots to a rail or wire. This method 

 consists in placing stakes about 6 feet apart and 2 feet from and parallel with the 

 row of plants ; then, fixing a rail, say of slating laths, 2^ to 3 feet from the ground, to the 

 stakes, the bearing canes are bent over and secured with tarred string, shortening them 

 to from 3 to 6 inches above the rail. Instead of the rail a galvanised-iron wire, No. 8, 

 strained between stayed posts fixed at the ends and supported with stakes at 9-feet 



Fig. 65. TKAISINO RASPBERRIES. 



liej'erences :P, arching the bearing canes (/) : m, young canes. Q, right practice, superfluous suckers removed : 

 7i, bearing cane ; o, vigorous successional canes. K, wrong practice result of leaving all the suckers : q, weak suc- 

 cessional bearing canes ; eight other suckers represent wasted vigour. S, bearing canes (r) trained to wire 2 leet from 

 the row : s, young canes. T, raspberry espalier : t, fruited canes cut out in pruning ; u, successional bearing canes 

 pruned ; v, unripe, pithy, and lateral -producing extremities of robust young canes. 



intervals, may be employed. By this plan (S) the fruiting canes (r) are kept clear of 

 tie successional canes (s). 



5. Espalier or fence. To form this, upright stakes are driven in at intervals of 6 to 

 9 feet and horizontal lines of slaters' laths are fixed at heights corresponding to the 

 vigour of the varieties : three rails 1 foot apart, height 3 feet, answer for the dwarf 

 varieties ; four for the vigorous ; and that number, but 15 inches apart, for the robust. 

 An iron espalier (T) is the most satisfactory. For the robust varieties it should be 5 

 feet high above ground, with four lines of No. 8, 7-ply galvanised wire, with standards 



