GALILEO AND HIS JUDGES. 33 



the point, seems, I confess, to me even weaker than 

 the other for our present purpose. Here, again, I 

 leave it to theologians to decide whether the decree 

 was or was not infallible ; but it undoubtedly appears, 

 in point of form, to be a doctrinal one, and emanated 

 from the United Congregations of the Index and 

 Inquisition, to whom the Pope had expressly entrusted 

 the examination of the subject, and it was as follows : 

 " Wherefore the most eminent cardinals have arrived 

 at this opinion : that in the philosophical works, 

 hitherto published by G. C. Ubaghs, and especially 

 in his Logic and Theodicea, doctrines or opinions are 

 found that cannot be taught without danger " (inveniri 

 doctrinas seu opiniones, qua absque periculo tradi 

 non possunt). Which judgment our most Holy 

 Lord Pope Pius IX. has ratified and confirmed by his 

 supreme authority." Even then some persons main- 

 tained that the decree was disciplinary and not doctrinal. 

 Cardinal Patrizi, however, writing in the Pope's name 

 to the Primate of Belgium (if I mistake not), in- 

 timated that the dissentients must acquiesce ex animo 

 in the judgment of the Apostolic See. Consequently 

 all the professors who had committed themselves to 

 the proscribed opinions were required to make an act 

 of submission to the effect just mentioned. The decree 

 was treated as strictly doctrinal, and if so was, I 

 maintain, essentially different from the one we have 

 now before us. 



In the case of Galileo, it is true that the opinion 

 given in 1616 by the Qualifiers of the Inquisition was a 



