248 GLANDERS. 



leucocytes, many of which are of the multinucleated type, 

 and have recently emigrated from the vessels, whilst the 

 tissue elements between may be more or less degenerat- 

 ing, or may show proliferative changes. And further, the 

 inflammatory change may be followed by suppurative 

 softening of the tissue, especially in certain situations, 

 such as the subcutaneous tissue and lymphatic glands. 

 The nodules, therefore, in glanders, as Baumgarten puts 

 it, occupy an intermediate position between miliary ab- 

 scesses and tubercles. The diffuse coagulative necrosis 

 and caseation which are so common in tubercle do not 

 occur to the same degree in glanders, and typical giant 

 cells are not formed. The nodules in the lungs show 

 leucocytic infiltration and thickening of the alveolar walls, 

 whilst the vesicles are filled with catarrhal cells ; i.e., there 

 is reaction both on the part of the connective tissue, and 

 of the endothelium of the air vesicles, whilst at the 

 periphery of the nodules, fibrous tissue growth is present 

 in proportion to their age. The tendency to spread by the 

 lymphatics is always a well-marked feature, and when the 

 bacilli gain entrance to the' blood-stream, they soon settle 

 in the various tissues and organs. Accordingly, even in 

 acute cases it is usually quite impossible to find the bacilli 

 in the circulating blood, though sometimes they have been 

 found. It is an interesting fact, shown by observations of 

 the disease both in the human subject and in the horse, 

 as well as by experiments on guinea-pigs, that the mucous 

 membrane of the nose may become infected by means of 

 the blood another example of the tendency of organisms 

 to settle in special sites. 



Mode of Spread. Glanders usually spreads from a 

 diseased animal by direct contagion with the discharge 

 from the nose or from the sores, etc. So far as infection 

 of the human subject goes, no other mode is known. There 

 is no evidence that the disease is produced in man by 

 inhalation of the bacilli in the dried condition. Some 

 authorities consider that pulmonary glanders may be pro- 

 duced in this way in the horse, whilst others maintain that in 



